Refrigeration apparatus

ABSTRACT

A two-stage refrigeration apparatus (500) includes a first cycle (510) and a second cycle (520). The first cycle (510) includes a first compressor (511), a first condenser (512), a first expansion mechanism (513), and a first evaporator (514) that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the first cycle. A first refrigerant circulates through the first cycle. The second cycle (520) includes a second downstream-side condenser (523) and a second evaporator (527) that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the second cycle. A second refrigerant circulates through the second cycle. The first evaporator (514) and the second downstream-side condenser (523) constitute a cascade condenser (531). In the cascade condenser (531), heat is exchanged between the first refrigerant and the second refrigerant. At least one of the first refrigerant and the second refrigerant is a refrigerant mixture containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (FO-1132(E)).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a refrigeration apparatus.

BACKGROUND ART

A refrigeration apparatus known in the art includes ahigh-temperature-side (primary-side) refrigeration cycle and alow-temperature-side (secondary-side) refrigeration cycle. For example,PTL 1 (International Publication No. 2014/045400) describes a two-stagerefrigeration apparatus in which an HFC refrigerant (e.g., R410A andR32) or an HFO refrigerant is used as refrigerant for thehigh-temperature-side refrigeration cycle and a carbon dioxiderefrigerant is used as refrigerant for the low-temperature-siderefrigeration cycle.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem

Such a two-stage refrigeration apparatus in which two cycles are used incombination is in need of improvement in operational efficiency.

Solution to Problem

A refrigeration apparatus according to a first aspect includes a firstcycle and a second cycle. The first cycle includes a first compressor, afirst radiator, a first expansion mechanism, and a first heat absorberthat are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the firstcycle. A first refrigerant circulates through the first cycle. Thesecond cycle includes a second radiator and a second heat absorber thatare arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the second cycle. Asecond refrigerant circulates through the second cycle. The first heatabsorber and the second radiator constitute a heat exchanger. In theheat exchanger, heat is exchanged between the first refrigerant flowingthrough the first heat absorber and the second radiator refrigerantthrough the second radiator. At least one of the first refrigerant andthe second refrigerant is a refrigerant mixture containing at least1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)).

The efficiency of heat exchange in the heat exchanger may be enhancedthrough the use of the refrigerant mixture.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a second aspect includes a firstcycle and a second cycle. The first cycle includes a first compressor, afirst radiator, a first expansion mechanism, and a first heat absorberthat are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the firstcycle. A first refrigerant circulates through the first cycle. Thesecond cycle includes a second radiator and a second heat absorber thatare arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the second cycle. Asecond refrigerant circulates through the second cycle. The firstradiator and the second heat absorber constitute a heat exchanger. Inthe heat exchanger, heat is exchanged between the first refrigerantflowing through the first radiator and the second refrigerant flowingthrough the second heat absorber. At least one of the first refrigerantand the second refrigerant is a refrigerant mixture containing at least1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)).

The efficiency of heat exchange in the heat exchanger may be enhancedthrough the use of the refrigerant mixture.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a third aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the first aspect in which thesecond cycle further includes a second compressor and a second expansionmechanism that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to thesecond cycle. The first refrigerant flowing through the first radiatorof the first cycle releases heat into outside air. The first refrigerantis the refrigerant mixture. The second refrigerant is carbon dioxide.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a fourth aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the first aspect in which thesecond cycle further includes a second compressor and a second expansionmechanism that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to thesecond cycle. The first refrigerant flowing through the first radiatorof the first cycle releases heat into outside air. The first refrigerantis the refrigerant mixture. The second refrigerant is the refrigerantmixture.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a fifth aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the first aspect in which thesecond cycle further includes a second compressor and a second expansionmechanism that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to thesecond cycle. The first refrigerant flowing through the first radiatorof the first cycle releases heat into outside air. The first refrigerantis R32. The second refrigerant is the refrigerant mixture.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a sixth aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the first aspect in which the firstrefrigerant flowing through the first radiator of the first cyclereleases heat into outside air. The first refrigerant is the refrigerantmixture. The second refrigerant is a liquid medium.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a seventh aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the second aspect in which thesecond cycle further includes a second compressor and a second expansionmechanism that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to thesecond cycle. The first refrigerant flowing through the first heatabsorber of the first cycle takes away heat from outside air. The firstrefrigerant is the refrigerant mixture. The second refrigerant is arefrigerant whose saturation pressure at a predetermined temperature islower than a saturation pressure of the refrigerant mixture at thepredetermined temperature.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 8th aspect is the refrigerationapparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects, wherein, therefrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene(R1234yf).

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal tothose of R410A is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 9th aspect is the refrigerationapparatus according to the 8th aspect, wherein, when the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerantis respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, CO, and OA that connect thefollowing 7 points:

point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0),point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), andpoint O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentsBD, CO, and OA);

the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),

the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and

the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 10th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the 8th aspect, wherein, when themass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in therefrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments GI, IA, AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, andCG that connect the following 8 points:

point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), andpoint C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentsIA, BD, and CG);

the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),

the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and

the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 11th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the 8th aspect, wherein, when themass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in therefrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C,and CJ that connect the following 9 points:

point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1),point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), andpoint C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentsBD and CJ);

the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43),

the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x,0.2421x²−29.955x+931.91, −0.2421x²+28.955x−831.91),

the line segment KA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),

the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and

the line segments JP, BD, and CG are straight lines.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 12th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the 8th aspect, wherein, when themass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in therefrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C,and CJ that connect the following 9 points:

point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), andpoint C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentsBD and CJ);

the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43)

the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),

the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and

the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 13th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the 8th aspect, wherein, when themass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in therefrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TPthat connect the following 7 points:

point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), andpoint T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentBF);

the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43),

the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,0.0078x²−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x²−0.2499x+38.2),

the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (x,0.00672x²−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x²−0.2393x+36.475), and

the line segments LM and BF are straight lines.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 14th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the 8th aspect, wherein, when themass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in therefrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that connect thefollowing 4 points:

point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6), andpoint R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9),or on the above line segments;

the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43),

the line segment RP is represented by coordinates (x,0.00672x²−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x²−0.2393x+36.475), and

the line segments LQ and QR are straight lines.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 15th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to the 8th aspect, wherein, when themass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in therefrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments SM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TS thatconnect the following 6 points:

point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1),point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), andpoint T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),or on the above line segments,

the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,0.0078x²−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x²−0.2499x+38.2),

the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x,−0.0017x²−0.7869x+70.888, −0.0017x²−0.2131x+29.112), and

the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 16th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein, the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene(HFO-1132(E)) and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerantcomprises 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entirerefrigerant.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal tothose of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in thestandard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating andAir-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 17th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein, the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a totalamount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and

the refrigerant comprises 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E)based on the entire refrigerant.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal tothose of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in thestandard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating andAir-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 18th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein, the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene(HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123),2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32),

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based ontheir sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, z, anda,

if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram inwhich the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass %are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BD′, D′C, and CG that connect the following 6 points:

point G (0.026a²−1.7478a+72.0, −0.026a²+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0),point I (0.026a²−1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, −0.026a²+0.7478a+28.0),point A (0.0134a²−1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, −0.0134a²+0.9681a+31.4),point B (0.0, 0.0144a²−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a²+0.6377a+41.3),point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a²+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a²−1.968a+24.6), andpoint C (−0.2304a²−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a²−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D′C (excluding point G, point I,point A, point B, point D′, and point C);

if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:

point G (0.02a²−1.6013a+71.105, −0.02a²+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0),point I (0.02a²−1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, −0.02a²+0.6013a+28.895),point A (0.0112a²−1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, −0.0112a²+0.9337a+31.516),point B (0.0, 0.0075a²−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a²+0.5156a+41.801), andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A,point B, and point W);

if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:

point G (0.0135a²-1.4068a+69.727, −0.0135a²+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0),point I (0.0135a²−1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, −0.0135a²+0.4068a+30.273),point A (0.0107a²−1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, −0.0107a²+0.9142a+31.695),point B (0.0, 0.009a²−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a²+0.6045a+40.682), andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A,point B, and point W);

if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:

point G (0.0111a²−1.3152a+68.986, −0.0111a²+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0),point I (0.0111a²−1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, −0.0111a²+0.3152a+31.014),point A (0.0103a²−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a²+0.9225a+31.207),point B (0.0, 0.0046a²−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a²+0.41a+42.714), andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A,point B, and point W); and

if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:

point G (0.0061a²−0.9918a+63.902, −0.0061a²−0.0082a+36.098, 0.0),point I (0.0061a²−0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, −0.0061a²−0.0082a+36.098),point A (0.0085a²−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a²+0.8102a+32.9),point B (0.0, 0.0012a²−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a²+0.1659a+47.05), andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A,point B, and point W).

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal tothose of R410A is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 19th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein, the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene(HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123),2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32),wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based ontheir sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, z, anda,

if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram inwhich the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass %are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B,BD′, D′C, and CJ that connect the following 5 points:

point J (0.0049a²−0.9645a+47.1, −0.0049a²−0.0355a+52.9, 0.0),point K′ (0.0514a²−2.4353a+61.7, −0.0323a²+0.4122a+5.9,−0.0191a²+1.0231a+32.4),point B (0.0, 0.0144a²−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a²+0.6377a+41.3),point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a²+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a²−1.968a+24.6), andpoint C (−0.2304a²−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a²−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′, K′B, and D′C (excluding point J, point B,point D′, and point C);

if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B,BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:

point J (0.0243a²−1.4161a+49.725, −0.0243a²+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0),point K′ (0.0341a²−2.1977a+61.187, −0.0236a²+0.34a+5.636,−0.0105a²+0.8577a+33.177),point B (0.0, 0.0075a²−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a²+0.5156a+41.801), andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, andpoint W);

if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B,BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:

point J (0.0246a²−1.4476a+50.184, −0.0246a²+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0),point K′ (0.0196a²−1.7863a+58.515, −0.0079a²−0.1136a+8.702,−0.0117a²+0.8999a+32.783),point B (0.0, 0.009a²−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a²+0.6045a+40.682), andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, andpoint W);

if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A,AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:

point J (0.0183a²−1.1399a+46.493, −0.0183a²+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0),point K′ (−0.0051a²+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a²−1.0929a+74.05),point A (0.0103a²−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a²+0.9225a+31.207),point B (0.0, 0.0046a²−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a²+0.41a+42.714), andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B,and point W); and

if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A,AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:

point J (−0.0134a²+1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a²−2.0956a+92.87, 0.0),point K′ (−1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557),point A (0.0085a²−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a²+0.8102a+32.9),point B (0.0, 0.0012a²−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a²+0.1659a+47.05), andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B,and point W).

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal tothose of R410A is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 20th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene(HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene(R1234yf),

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments IJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect thefollowing 4 points:

point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), andpoint E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI;

the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates(0.0236y²−1.7616y+72.0, y, −0.0236y²+0.7616y+28.0);

the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y²−1.9003y+58.3,y, −0.012y²+0.9003y+41.7); and

the line segments IN and EI are straight lines.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified withlower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 21st aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf,

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments MM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that connectthe following 5 points:

point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4),point M′ (39.2, 5.0, 55.8),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1),point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), andpoint G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);

the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y²−3.34y+52.6,y, −0.132y²+2.34y+47.4);

the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates(0.0596y²−2.2541y+48.98, y, −0.0596y²+1.2541y+51.02);

the line segment VG is represented by coordinates(0.0123y²−1.8033y+39.6, y, −0.0123y²+0.8033y+60.4); and

the line segments NV and GM are straight lines.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified withlower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 22nd aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf, wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments ON, NU, and UO that connect thefollowing 3 points:

point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), andpoint U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),or on these line segments;

the line segment ON is represented by coordinates(0.0072y²−0.6701y+37.512, y, −0.0072y²−0.3299y+62.488);

the line segment NU is represented by coordinates(0.0083y²−1.7403y+56.635, y, −0.0083y²+0.7403y+43.365); and

the line segment UO is a straight line.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified withlower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 23rd aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf,

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connectthe following 5 points:

point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4),point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7),point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), andpoint K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6),or on these line segments;

the line segment QR is represented by coordinates(0.0099y²−1.975y+84.765, y, −0.0099y²+0.975y+15.235);

the line segment RT is represented by coordinates(0.0082y²−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y²+0.8683y+16.874);

the line segment LK is represented by coordinates(0.0049y²−0.8842y+61.488, y, −0.0049y²−0.1158y+38.512);

the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates(0.0095y²−1.2222y+67.676, y, −0.0095y²+0.2222y+32.324); and

the line segment TL is a straight line.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified withlower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 24th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf,

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect thefollowing 3 points:

point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8),point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), andpoint T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),or on these line segments;

the line segment PS is represented by coordinates(0.0064y²−0.7103y+40.1, y, −0.0064y²−0.2897y+59.9);

the line segment ST is represented by coordinates(0.0082y−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y²+0.8683y+16.874); and

the line segment TP is a straight line.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a coolingcapacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified withlower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 25th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene(HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32),

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments IK, KB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GI thatconnect the following 6 points:

point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4),point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4),point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), andpoint G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′Hand GI);

the line segment IK is represented by coordinates(0.025z²−1.7429z+72.00, −0.025z²+0.7429z+28.0, z),

the line segment HR is represented by coordinates(−0.3123z²+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z²−5.234z+88.94, z),

the line segment RG is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and

the line segments KB′ and GI are straight lines.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410Ais used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 26th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments IJ, JR, RG, and GI that connect thefollowing 4 points:

point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),point J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5),point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), andpoint G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GI);

the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates (0.025z²−1.7429z+72.0,−0.025z²+0.7429z+28.0, z),

the line segment RG is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and

the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410Ais used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 27th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments MP, PB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GM thatconnect the following 6 points:

point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4),point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), andpoint G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′Hand GM);

the line segment MP is represented by coordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1,−0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z),

the line segment HR is represented by coordinates(−0.3123z²+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z²−5.234z+88.94, z),

the line segment RG is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and

the line segments PB′ and GM are straight lines.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410Ais used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 28th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments MN, NR, RG, and GM that connect thefollowing 4 points:

point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point N (38.5, 52.1, 9.5),point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), andpoint G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);

the line segment MN is represented by coordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1,−0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z),

the line segment RG is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and

the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410Ais used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 29th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect thefollowing 3 points:

point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),point S (25.4, 56.2, 18.4), andpoint T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2),or on these line segments;

the line segment ST is represented by coordinates(−0.0982z²+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z²−1.9622z+59.069, z),

the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1,−0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z), and

the line segment PS is a straight line.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410Ais used.

A refrigeration apparatus according to a 30th aspect is therefrigeration apparatus according to any of the 1st through 7th aspects,wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,

wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum inthe refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments QB″, B″D, DU, and UQ that connect thefollowing 4 points:

point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0),point B″ (0.0, 63.0, 37.0),point D (0.0, 67.0, 33.0), andpoint U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentB″D);

the line segment DU is represented by coordinates(−3.4962z²+210.71z−3146.1, 3.4962z²−211.71z+3246.1, z),

the line segment UQ is represented by coordinates(0.0135z²−0.9181z+44.133, −0.0135z²−0.0819z+55.867, z), and

the line segments QB″ and B″D are straight lines.

In this refrigeration apparatus, the efficiency of heat exchange in theheat exchanger can be enhanced when a refrigerant having a sufficientlylow GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410Ais used.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an instrument used for a flammabilitytest.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing points A to T and line segments that connectthese points in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, and K′, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is (100-a) mass %.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, and K′, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 92.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 7.1 mass %).

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, K′, and W, andline segments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 88.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 11.1 mass %).

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 85.5 mass % (the content of R32 is 14.5 mass %).

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 81.8 mass % (the content of R32 is 18.2 mass %).

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 78.1 mass % (the content of R32 is 21.9 mass %).

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 73.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 26.7 mass %).

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 70.7 mass % (the content of R32 is 29.3 mass %).

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 63.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 36.7 mass %).

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 55.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 44.1 mass %).

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and linesegments that connect these points to each other in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 52.2 mass % (the content of R32 is 47.8 mass %).

FIG. 14 is a view showing points A to C, E, G, and I to W; and linesegments that connect points A to C, E, G, and I to W in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is100 mass %.

FIG. 15 is a view showing points A to U; and line segments that connectthe points in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass %.

FIG. 16 is a schematic configuration diagram of a heat load treatmentsystem that is a refrigeration apparatus according to a firstembodiment.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating an installation layout ofthe heat load treatment system according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 18 illustrates a control block of the heat load treatment systemaccording to the first embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating refrigerant circuits included in atwo-stage refrigeration apparatus that is a refrigeration apparatusaccording to a second embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a circuit configuration diagram of an air-conditioning hotwater supply system that is a refrigeration apparatus according to thesecond embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS (1) Definition of Terms

In the present specification, the term “refrigerant” includes at leastcompounds that are specified in ISO 817 (International Organization forStandardization), and that are given a refrigerant number (ASHRAEnumber) representing the type of refrigerant with “R” at the beginning;and further includes refrigerants that have properties equivalent tothose of such refrigerants, even though a refrigerant number is not yetgiven. Refrigerants are broadly divided into fluorocarbon compounds andnon-fluorocarbon compounds in terms of the structure of the compounds.Fluorocarbon compounds include chlorofluorocarbons (CFC),hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC).Non-fluorocarbon compounds include propane (R290), propylene (R1270),butane (R600), isobutane (R600a), carbon dioxide (R744), ammonia (R717),and the like.

In the present specification, the phrase “composition comprising arefrigerant” at least includes (1) a refrigerant itself (including amixture of refrigerants), (2) a composition that further comprises othercomponents and that can be mixed with at least a refrigeration oil toobtain a working fluid for a refrigerating machine, and (3) a workingfluid for a refrigerating machine containing a refrigeration oil. In thepresent specification, of these three embodiments, the composition (2)is referred to as a “refrigerant composition” so as to distinguish itfrom a refrigerant itself (including a mixture of refrigerants).Further, the working fluid for a refrigerating machine (3) is referredto as a “refrigeration oil-containing working fluid” so as todistinguish it from the “refrigerant composition.”

In the present specification, when the term “alternative” is used in acontext in which the first refrigerant is replaced with the secondrefrigerant, the first type of “alternative” means that equipmentdesigned for operation using the first refrigerant can be operated usingthe second refrigerant under optimum conditions, optionally with changesof only a few parts (at least one of the following: refrigeration oil,gasket, packing, expansion valve, dryer, and other parts) and equipmentadjustment. In other words, this type of alternative means that the sameequipment is operated with an alternative refrigerant. Embodiments ofthis type of “alternative” include “drop-in alternative,” “nearlydrop-in alternative,” and “retrofit,” in the order in which the extentof changes and adjustment necessary for replacing the first refrigerantwith the second refrigerant is smaller.

The term “alternative” also includes a second type of “alternative,”which means that equipment designed for operation using the secondrefrigerant is operated for the same use as the existing use with thefirst refrigerant by using the second refrigerant. This type ofalternative means that the same use is achieved with an alternativerefrigerant.

In the present specification, the term “refrigerating machine” refers tomachines in general that draw heat from an object or space to make itstemperature lower than the temperature of ambient air, and maintain alow temperature. In other words, refrigerating machines refer toconversion machines that gain energy from the outside to do work, andthat perform energy conversion, in order to transfer heat from where thetemperature is lower to where the temperature is higher.

In the present specification, a refrigerant having a “WCF lowerflammability” means that the most flammable composition (worst case offormulation for flammability: WCF) has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s orless according to the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Further, in thepresent specification, a refrigerant having “ASHRAE lower flammability”means that the burning velocity of WCF is 10 cm/s or less, that the mostflammable fraction composition (worst case of fractionation forflammability: WCFF), which is specified by performing a leakage testduring storage, shipping, or use based on ANSI/ASHRAE 34-2013 using WCF,has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less, and that flammabilityclassification according to the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013 isdetermined to classified as be “Class 2L.”

In the present specification, a refrigerant having an “RCL of x % ormore” means that the refrigerant has a refrigerant concentration limit(RCL), calculated in accordance with the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard34-2013, of x % or more. RCL refers to a concentration limit in the airin consideration of safety factors. RCL is an index for reducing therisk of acute toxicity, suffocation, and flammability in a closed spacewhere humans are present. RCL is determined in accordance with theASHRAE Standard. More specifically, RCL is the lowest concentrationamong the acute toxicity exposure limit (ATEL), the oxygen deprivationlimit (ODL), and the flammable concentration limit (FCL), which arerespectively calculated in accordance with sections 7.1.1, 7.1.2, and7.1.3 of the ASHRAE Standard.

In the present specification, temperature glide refers to an absolutevalue of the difference between the initial temperature and the endtemperature in the phase change process of a composition containing therefrigerant of the present disclosure in the heat exchanger of arefrigerant system.

(2) Refrigerant (2-1) Refrigerant Component

Any one of various refrigerants such as refrigerant A, refrigerant B,refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E, details of theserefrigerant are to be mentioned later, can be used as the refrigerant.

(2-2) Use of Refrigerant

The refrigerant according to the present disclosure can be preferablyused as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine.

The composition according to the present disclosure is suitable for useas an alternative refrigerant for HFC refrigerant such as R410A, R407Cand R404 etc, or HCFC refrigerant such as R22 etc.

(3) Refrigerant Composition

The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosurecomprises at least the refrigerant according to the present disclosure,and can be used for the same use as the refrigerant according to thepresent disclosure. Moreover, the refrigerant composition according tothe present disclosure can be further mixed with at least arefrigeration oil to thereby obtain a working fluid for a refrigeratingmachine.

The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure furthercomprises at least one other component in addition to the refrigerantaccording to the present disclosure. The refrigerant compositionaccording to the present disclosure may comprise at least one of thefollowing other components, if necessary. As described above, when therefrigerant composition according to the present disclosure is used as aworking fluid in a refrigerating machine, it is generally used as amixture with at least a refrigeration oil. Therefore, it is preferablethat the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosuredoes not substantially comprise a refrigeration oil. Specifically, inthe refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure, thecontent of the refrigeration oil based on the entire refrigerantcomposition is preferably 0 to 1 mass %, and more preferably 0 to 0.1mass %.

(3-1) Water

The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure maycontain a small amount of water. The water content of the refrigerantcomposition is preferably 0.1 mass % or less based on the entirerefrigerant. A small amount of water contained in the refrigerantcomposition stabilizes double bonds in the molecules of unsaturatedfluorocarbon compounds that can be present in the refrigerant, and makesit less likely that the unsaturated fluorocarbon compounds will beoxidized, thus increasing the stability of the refrigerant composition.

(3-2) Tracer

A tracer is added to the refrigerant composition according to thepresent disclosure at a detectable concentration such that when therefrigerant composition has been diluted, contaminated, or undergoneother changes, the tracer can trace the changes.

The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure maycomprise a single tracer, or two or more tracers.

The tracer is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonlyused tracers. Preferably, a compound that cannot be an impurityinevitably mixed in the refrigerant of the present disclosure isselected as the tracer.

Examples of tracers include hydrofluorocarbons,hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons,fluorocarbons, deuterated hydrocarbons, deuterated hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinatedcompounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Thetracer is particularly preferably a hydrofluorocarbon, ahydrochlorofluorocarbon, a chlorofluorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, ahydrochlorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, or a fluoroether.

The following compounds are preferable as the tracer.

FC-14 (tetrafluoromethane, CF₄)HCC-40 (chloromethane, CH₃Cl)HFC-23 (trifluoromethane, CHF₃)HFC-41 (fluoromethane, CH₃Cl)HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane, CF₃CHF₂)HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF₃CH₂F)HFVC-134 (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, CHF₂CHF₂)HFC-143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane, CF₃CH₃)HFC-143 (1,1,2-trifluoroethane, CHF₂CH₂F)HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane, CHF₂CH₃)HFVC-152 (1,2-difluoroethane, CH₂FCH₂F)HFC-161 (fluoroethane, CH₃CH₂F)HFC-245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, CF₃CH₂CHF₂)HFC-236fa (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, CF₃CH₂CF₃)HFC-236ea (1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, CF₃CHFCHF₂)HFC-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, CF₃CHFCF₃)HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHCF₂)HCFC-31 (chlorofluoromethane, CH₂ClF)CFC-1113 (chlorotrifluoroethylene, CF₂═CClF)HFE-125 (trifluoromethyl-difluoromethyl ether, CF₃OCHF₂)HFE-134a (trifluoromethyl-fluoromethyl ether, CF₃OCH₂F)HFE-143a (trifluoromethyl-methyl ether, CF₃OCH₃)HFE-227ea (trifluoromethyl-tetrafluoroethyl ether, CF₃OCHFCF₃)HFE-236fa (trifluoromethyl-trifluoroethyl ether, CF₃OCH₂CF₃)

The tracer compound may be present in the refrigerant composition at atotal concentration of about 10 parts per million (ppm) to about 1000ppm. Preferably, the tracer compound is present in the refrigerantcomposition at a total concentration of about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm,and most preferably, the tracer compound is present at a totalconcentration of about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm.

(3-3) Ultraviolet Fluorescent Dye

The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure maycomprise a single ultraviolet fluorescent dye, or two or moreultraviolet fluorescent dyes.

The ultraviolet fluorescent dye is not limited, and can be suitablyselected from commonly used ultraviolet fluorescent dyes.

Examples of ultraviolet fluorescent dyes include naphthalimide,coumarin, anthracene, phenanthrene, xanthene, thioxanthene,naphthoxanthene, fluorescein, and derivatives thereof. The ultravioletfluorescent dye is particularly preferably either naphthalimide orcoumarin, or both.

(3-4) Stabilizer

The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure maycomprise a single stabilizer, or two or more stabilizers.

The stabilizer is not limited, and can be suitably selected fromcommonly used stabilizers.

Examples of stabilizers include nitro compounds, ethers, and amines.

Examples of nitro compounds include aliphatic nitro compounds, such asnitromethane and nitroethane; and aromatic nitro compounds, such asnitro benzene and nitro styrene.

Examples of ethers include 1,4-dioxane.

Examples of amines include 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylamine anddiphenylamine.

Examples of stabilizers also include butylhydroxyxylene andbenzotriazole.

The content of the stabilizer is not limited. Generally, the content ofthe stabilizer is preferably 0.01 to 5 mass %, and more preferably 0.05to 2 mass %, based on the entire refrigerant.

(3-5) Polymerization Inhibitor

The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure maycomprise a single polymerization inhibitor, or two or morepolymerization inhibitors.

The polymerization inhibitor is not limited, and can be suitablyselected from commonly used polymerization inhibitors.

Examples of polymerization inhibitors include 4-methoxy-1-naphthol,hydroquinone, hydroquinone methyl ether, dimethyl-t-butylphenol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and benzotriazole.

The content of the polymerization inhibitor is not limited. Generally,the content of the polymerization inhibitor is preferably 0.01 to 5 mass%, and more preferably 0.05 to 2 mass %, based on the entirerefrigerant.

(4) Refrigeration Oil-Containing Working Fluid

The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the presentdisclosure comprises at least the refrigerant or refrigerant compositionaccording to the present disclosure and a refrigeration oil, for use asa working fluid in a refrigerating machine. Specifically, therefrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the presentdisclosure is obtained by mixing a refrigeration oil used in acompressor of a refrigerating machine with the refrigerant or therefrigerant composition. The refrigeration oil-containing working fluidgenerally comprises 10 to 50 mass % of refrigeration oil.

(4-1) Refrigeration Oil

The refrigeration oil is not limited, and can be suitably selected fromcommonly used refrigeration oils. In this case, refrigeration oils thatare superior in the action of increasing the miscibility with themixture and the stability of the mixture, for example, are suitablyselected as necessary.

The base oil of the refrigeration oil is preferably, for example, atleast one member selected from the group consisting of polyalkyleneglycols (PAG), polyol esters (POE), and polyvinyl ethers (PVE).

The refrigeration oil may further contain additives in addition to thebase oil. The additive may be at least one member selected from thegroup consisting of antioxidants, extreme-pressure agents, acidscavengers, oxygen scavengers, copper deactivators, rust inhibitors, oilagents, and antifoaming agents.

A refrigeration oil with a kinematic viscosity of 5 to 400 cSt at 40° C.is preferable from the standpoint of lubrication.

The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the presentdisclosure may further optionally contain at least one additive.Examples of additives include compatibilizing agents described below.

(4-2) Compatibilizing Agent

The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the presentdisclosure may comprise a single compatibilizing agent, or two or morecompatibilizing agents.

The compatibilizing agent is not limited, and can be suitably selectedfrom commonly used compatibilizing agents.

Examples of compatibilizing agents include polyoxyalkylene glycolethers, amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons, esters, lactones, arylethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes. The compatibilizingagent is particularly preferably a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether.

(5) Various Refrigerants

Hereinafter, the refrigerants A to E, which are the refrigerants used inthe present embodiment, will be described in detail.

In addition, each description of the following refrigerant A,refrigerant B, refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E is eachindependent. The alphabet which shows a point or a line segment, thenumber of an Examples, and the number of a comparative examples are allindependent of each other among the refrigerant A, the refrigerant B,the refrigerant C, the refrigerant D, and the refrigerant E. Forexample, the first embodiment of the refrigerant A and the firstembodiment of the refrigerant B are different embodiment from eachother.

(5-1) Refrigerant A

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is a mixedrefrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene(R1234yf).

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure has variousproperties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant, i.e.,a refrigerating capacity and a coefficient of performance that areequivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is a compositioncomprising HFO-1132(E) and R1234yf, and optionally further comprisingHFO-1123, and may further satisfy the following requirements. Thisrefrigerant also has various properties desirable as an alternativerefrigerant for R410A; i.e., it has a refrigerating capacity and acoefficient of performance that are equivalent to those of R410A, and asufficiently low GWP.

Requirements

Preferable refrigerant A is as follows:

When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumin the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z,coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, CO, and OAthat connect the following 7 points:

point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0),point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), andpoint O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line CO);

the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3,

the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),

the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and

the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or morerelative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to thatof R410A.

When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, based on theirsum in the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is preferably arefrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagramin which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % arewithin a figure surrounded by line segments GI, IA, AA′, A′B, BD, DC′,C′C, and CG that connect the following 8 points:

point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), andpoint C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentCG);

the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),

the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and

the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant A accordingto the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% ormore relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative tothat of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant A has a WCF lowerflammability according to the ASHRAE Standard (the WCF composition has aburning velocity of 10 cm/s or less).

When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumin the refrigerant according to the present disclosure is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerantwherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in whichthe sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are withinthe range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA′, A′B,BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:

point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1),point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), andpoint C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentCJ);

the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43),

the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x,0.2421x²−29.955x+931.91, −0.2421x²+28.955x−831.91),

the line segment KA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),

the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and

the line segments JP, BD, and CG are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant A accordingto the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% ormore relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative tothat of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant exhibits a lowerflammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard (the WCFcomposition and the WCFF composition have a burning velocity of 10 cm/sor less).

When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumin the refrigerant according to the present disclosure is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerantwherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in whichthe sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are withinthe range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA′, A′B,BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:

point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), andpoint (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentCJ);

the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43),

the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),

the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and

the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or morerelative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to thatof R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has an RCL of 40 g/m³ or more.

When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumin the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerantwherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in whichthe sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are withinthe range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BF,FT, and TP that connect the following 7 points:

point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), andpoint T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentBF);

the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43),

the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,0.0078x²−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x²−0.2499x+38.2),

the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (x,0.00672x²−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x²−0.2393x+36.475), and

the line segments LM and BF are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or morerelative to that of R410A, and a COP of 95% or more relative to that ofR410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has an RCL of 40 g/m³ or more.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary compositiondiagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL,LQ, QR, and RP that connect the following 4 points:

point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6), andpoint R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9),or on the above line segments;

the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43),

the line segment RP is represented by coordinates (x,0.00672x²−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x²−0.2393x+36.475), and

the line segments LQ and QR are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a COP of 95% or more relative to that ofR410A, and an RCL of 40 g/m³ or more, furthermore, the refrigerant has acondensation temperature glide of 1C or less.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary compositiondiagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments SM,MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TS that connect the following 6 points:

point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1),point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), andpoint T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),or on the above line segments,

the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),

the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),

the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,0.0078x²−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x²−0.2499x+38.2),

the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x,−0.0017x²−0.7869x+70.888, −0.0017x²−0.2131x+29.112), and

the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or morerelative to that of R410A, a COP of 95% or more relative to that ofR410A, and an RCL of 40 g/m³ or more furthermore, the refrigerant has adischarge pressure of 105% or more relative to that of R410A.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary compositiondiagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Od,dg, gh, and hO that connect the following 4 points:

point d (87.6, 0.0, 12.4),point g (18.2, 55.1, 26.7),point h (56.7, 43.3, 0.0), andpoint o (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),or on the line segments Od, dg, gh, and hO (excluding the points O andh);

the line segment dg is represented by coordinates(0.0047y²−1.5177y+87.598, y, −0.0047y²+0.5177y+12.402),

the line segment gh is represented by coordinates(−0.0134z²−1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z²+0.0825z+43.308, z), and

the line segments hO and Od are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% ormore relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or morerelative to that of R410A.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, based on theirsum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments lg, gh, hi, and il that connect the following 4 points:

point 1 (72.5, 10.2, 17.3),point g (18.2, 55.1, 26.7),point h (56.7, 43.3, 0.0), andpoint i (72.5, 27.5, 0.0) oron the line segments lg, gh, and il (excluding the points h and i);

the line segment lg is represented by coordinates(0.0047y²−1.5177y+87.598, y, −0.0047y²+0.5177y+12.402),

the line gh is represented by coordinates (−0.0134z²−1.0825z+56.692,0.0134z²+0.0825z+43.308, z), and

the line segments hi and il are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% ormore relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or morerelative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lowerflammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumis respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments Od, de, ef, and fO that connect the following 4 points:

point d (87.6, 0.0, 12.4),point e (31.1, 42.9, 26.0),point f (65.5, 34.5, 0.0), andpoint O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),or on the line segments Od, de, and ef (excluding the points O and f);

the line segment de is represented by coordinates(0.0047y²−1.5177y+87.598, y, −0.0047y²+0.5177y+12.402),

the line segment ef is represented by coordinates(−0.0064z²−1.1565z+65.501, 0.0064z²+0.1565z+34.499, z), and

the line segments fO and Od are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 93.5% ormore relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 93.5% or morerelative to that of R410A.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumis respectively represented by x, y, and z,

coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments le, ef, fi, and il that connect thefollowing 4 points: point 1 (72.5, 10.2, 17.3),

point e (31.1, 42.9, 26.0),point f (65.5, 34.5, 0.0), andpoint i (72.5, 27.5, 0.0),or on the line segments le, ef, and il (excluding the points f and i);

the line segment le is represented by coordinates(0.0047y²−1.5177y+87.598, y, −0.0047y²+0.5177y+12.402),

the line segment ef is represented by coordinates(−0.0134z²−1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z²+0.0825z+43.308, z), and

the line segments fi and il are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 93.5% ormore relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 93.5% or morerelative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lowerflammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumis respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments Oa, ab, bc, and cO that connect the following 4 points:point a (93.4, 0.0, 6.6),

point b (55.6, 26.6, 17.8),point c (77.6, 22.4, 0.0), andpoint O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),or on the line segments Oa, ab, and bc (excluding the points O and c);

the line segment ab is represented by coordinates(0.0052y²−1.5588y+93.385, y, −0.0052y²+0.5588y+6.615),

the line segment be is represented by coordinates(−0.0032z²−1.1791z+77.593, 0.0032z²+0.1791z+22.407, z), and

the line segments cO and Oa are straight lines.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or morerelative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative tothat of R410A.

The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumis respectively represented by x, y, and z,

coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments kb, bj, and jk that connect thefollowing 3 points: point k (72.5, 14.1, 13.4),

point b (55.6, 26.6, 17.8), andpoint j (72.5, 23.2, 4.3),or on the line segments kb, bj, and jk;

the line segment kb is represented by coordinates(0.0052y²−1.5588y+93.385, y, and −0.0052y²+0.5588y+6.615),

the line segment bj is represented by coordinates(−0.0032z²−1.1791z+77.593, 0.0032z²+0.1791z+22.407, z), and

the line segment jk is a straight line.

When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or morerelative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative tothat of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lower flammability(Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.

The refrigerant according to the present disclosure may further compriseother additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf, as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired.In this respect, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurepreferably comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in a totalamount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, andstill more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entirerefrigerant.

The refrigerant according to the present disclosure may compriseHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in a total amount of 99.5 mass % ormore, 99.75 mass % or more, or 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entirerefrigerant.

Additional refrigerants are not particularly limited and can be widelyselected. The mixed refrigerant may contain one additional refrigerant,or two or more additional refrigerants.

Examples of Refrigerant A

The present disclosure is described in more detail below with referenceto Examples of refrigerant A. However, refrigerant A is not limited tothe Examples.

The GWP of R1234yf and a composition consisting of a mixed refrigerantR410A (R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report. The GWPof HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed to be 1 fromHFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described inWO2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of R410A and compositionseach comprising a mixture of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf wasdetermined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculationsfor the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science andTechnology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and TransportProperties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.

Further, the RCL of the mixture was calculated with the LFL ofHFO-1132(E) being 4.7 vol. %, the LFL of FO-1123 being 10 vol. %, andthe LFL of R1234yf being 6.2 vol. %, in accordance with the ASHRAEStandard 34-2013.

Evaporating temperature: 5° C.Condensation temperature: 45° C.Degree of superheating: 5KDegree of subcooling: 5KCompressor efficiency: 70

Tables to 34 show these values together with the GWP of each mixedrefrigerant.

TABLE 1 Comp. Comp. Example Comp. Comp. Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Example 2 ExampleEx. 4 Item Unit Ex. 1 O A 1 A′ 3 B HFO-1132(E) mass % R410A 100.0 68.649.0 30.6 14.1 0.0 HFO-1123 mass % 0.0 0.0 14.9 30.0 44.8 58.7 R1234yfmass % 0.0 31.4 36.1 39.4 41.1 41.3 GWP — 2088 1 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio %(relative 100 99.7 100.0 98.6 97.3 96.3 95.5 to 410A) Refrigerating %(relative 100 98.3 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 capacity ratio to 410A)Condensation ° C. 0.1 0.00 1.98 3.36 4.46 5.15 5.35 glide Discharge %(relative 100.0 99.3 87.1 88.9 90.6 92.1 93.2 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³— 30.7 37.5 44.0 52.7 64.0 78.6

TABLE 2 Comp. Example Comp. Comp. Example Comp. Ex. 5 Example 5 ExampleEx. 6 Ex. 7 7 Ex. 8 Item Unit C 4 C′ 6 D E E′ F HFO-1132(E) mass % 32.926.6 19.5 10.9 0.0 58.0 23.4 0.0 HFO-1123 mass % 67.1 68.4 70.5 74.180.4 42.0 48.5 61.8 R1234yf mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 19.6 0.0 28.1 38.2GWP — 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.595.0 95.0 95.0 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 107.4 105.2 102.9100.5 97.9 105.0 92.5 86.9 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C.0.16 0.52 0.94 1.42 1.90 0.42 3.16 4.80 glide Discharge % (relative119.5 117.4 115.3 113.0 115.9 112.7 101.0 95.8 pressure to 410A) RCLg/m³ 53.5 57.1 62.0 69.1 81.3 41.9 46.3 79.0

TABLE 3 Comp. Example Example Example Example Example Ex. 9 8 9 10 11 12Item Unit J P L N N′ K HFO-1132(E) mass % 47.1 55.8 63.1 68.6 65.0 61.3HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 42.0 31.9 16.3 7.7 5.4 R1234yf mass % 0.0 2.2 5.015.1 27.3 33.3 GWP — 1 1 1 1 2 2 COP ratio % (relative to 93.8 95.0 96.197.9 99.1 99.5 410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 106.2 104.1 101.6 95.088.2 85.0 capacity ratio 410A) Condensation glide ° C. 0.31 0.57 0.811.41 2.11 2.51 Discharge pressure % (relative to 115.8 111.9 107.8 99.091.2 87.7 410A) RCL g/m³ 46.2 42.6 40.0 38.0 38.7 39.7

TABLE 4 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example 13 14 1516 17 18 19 Item Unit L M Q R S S′ T HFO-1132(E) mass % 63.1 60.3 62.849.8 62.6 50.0 35.8 HFO-1123 mass % 31.9 6.2 29.6 42.3 28.3 35.8 44.9R1234yf mass % 5.0 33.5 7.6 7.9 9.1 14.2 19.3 GWP — 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 COPratio % (relative to 96.1 99.4 96.4 95.0 96.6 95.8 95.0 410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 101.6 85.0 100.2 101.7 99.4 98.1 96.7capacity ratio 410A) Condensation glide ° C. 0.81 2.58 1.00 1.00 1.101.55 2.07 Discharge pressure % (relative to 107.8 87.9 106.0 109.6 105.0105.0 105.0 410A) RCL g/m³ 40.0 40.0 40.0 44.8 40.0 44.4 50.8

TABLE 5 Comp. Example Example Ex. 10 20 21 Item Unit G H I HFO-1132(E)mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 14.0 0.0 R1234yf mass % 0.014.0 28.0 GWP — 1 1 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.6 98.2 99.9 to 410A)Refrigerating % (relative 103.1 95.1 86.6 capacity ratio to 410A)Condensation ° C. 0.46 1.27 1.71 glide Discharge % (relative 108.4 98.788.6 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 37.4 37.0 36.6

TABLE 6 Comp. Comp. Example Example Example Example Example Comp. ItemUnit Ex. 11 Ex. 12 22 23 24 25 26 Ex. 13 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.030.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 HFO-1123 mass % 85.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.035.0 25.0 15.0 R1234yf mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 GWP — 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 COP ratio % (relative to 91.4 92.0 92.8 93.7 94.7 95.8 96.998.0 410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 105.7 105.5 105.0 104.3 103.3102.0 100.6 99.1 capacity ratio 410A) Condensation ° C. 0.40 0.46 0.550.66 0.75 0.80 0.79 0.67 glide Discharge % (relative to 120.1 118.7116.7 114.3 111.6 108.7 105.6 102.5 pressure 410A) RCL g/m³ 71.0 61.954.9 49.3 44.8 41.0 37.8 35.1

TABLE 7 Comp. Example Example Example Example Example Example Comp. ItemUnit Ex. 14 27 28 29 30 31 32 Ex. 15 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.040.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 HFO-1123 mass % 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.020.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 GWP — 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 COP ratio % (relative to 91.9 92.5 93.3 94.3 95.3 96.497.5 98.6 410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 103.2 102.9 102.4 101.5100.5 99.2 97.8 96.2 capacity ratio 410A) Condensation ° C. 0.87 0.941.03 1.12 1.18 1.18 1.09 0.88 glide Discharge % (relative to 116.7 115.2113.2 110.8 108.1 105.2 102.1 99.0 pressure 410A) RCL g/m³ 70.5 61.654.6 49.1 44.6 40.8 37.7 35.0

TABLE 8 Comp. Example Example Example Example Example Example Comp. ItemUnit Ex. 16 33 34 35 36 37 38 Ex. 17 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.040.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 HFO-1123 mass % 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.015.0 5.0 R1234yf mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 GWP — 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 COP ratio % (relative to 92.4 93.1 93.9 94.8 95.9 97.098.1 99.2 410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 100.5 100.2 99.6 98.7 97.796.4 94.9 93.2 capacity ratio 410A) Condensation ° C. 1.41 1.49 1.561.62 1.63 1.55 1.37 1.05 glide Discharge % (relative to 113.1 111.6109.6 107.2 104.5 101.6 98.6 95.5 pressure 410A) RCL g/m³ 70.0 61.2 54.448.9 44.4 40.7 37.5 34.8

TABLE 9 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ItemUnit 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.060.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass % 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yfmass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio% (relative to 93.0 93.7 94.5 95.5 96.5 97.6 98.7 410A) Refrigerating %(relative to 97.7 97.4 96.8 95.9 94.7 93.4 91.9 capacity ratio 410A)Condensation ° C. 2.03 2.09 2.13 2.14 2.07 1.91 1.61 glide Discharge %(relative to 109.4 107.9 105.9 103.5 100.8 98.0 95.0 pressure 410A) RCLg/m³ 69.6 60.9 54.1 48.7 44.2 40.5 37.4

TABLE 10 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ItemUnit 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.060.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass % 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 R1234yf mass% 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio %(relative 93.6 94.3 95.2 96.1 97.2 98.2 99.3 to 410A) Refrigerating %(relative 94.8 94.5 93.8 92.9 91.8 90.4 88.8 capacity ratio to 410A)Condensation ° C. 2.71 2.74 2.73 2.66 2.50 2.22 1.78 glide Discharge %(relative 105.5 104.0 102.1 99.7 97.1 94.3 91.4 pressure to 410A) RCLg/m³ 69.1 60.5 53.8 48.4 44.0 40.4 37.3

TABLE 11 Example Example Example Example Example Example Item Unit 53 5455 56 57 58 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 HFO-1123mass % 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.030.0 30.0 GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative to 94.3 95.0 95.9 96.897.8 98.9 410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 91.9 91.5 90.8 89.9 88.787.3 capacity ratio 410A) Condensation glide ° C. 3.46 3.43 3.35 3.182.90 2.47 Discharge pressure % (relative to 101.6 100.1 98.2 95.9 93.390.6 410A) RCL g/m³ 68.7 60.2 53.5 48.2 43.9 40.2

TABLE 12 Example Example Example Example Example Comp. Item Unit 59 6061 62 63 Ex. 18 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0HFO-1123 mass % 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 R1234yf mass % 35.0 35.035.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative to 95.0 95.896.6 97.5 98.5 99.6 410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 88.9 88.5 87.886.8 85.6 84.1 capacity ratio 410A) Condensation glide ° C. 4.24 4.153.96 3.67 3.24 2.64 Discharge pressure % (relative to 97.6 96.1 94.292.0 89.5 86.8 410A) RCL g/m³ 68.2 59.8 53.2 48.0 43.7 40.1

TABLE 13 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit Example 64 Example 6519 20 21 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 HFO-1123 mass %50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 GWP — 22 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative to 95.9 96.6 97.4 98.3 99.2 410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 85.8 85.4 84.7 83.6 82.4 capacity ratio410A) Condensation glide ° C. 5.05 4.85 4.55 4.10 3.50 Dischargepressure % (relative to 93.5 92.1 90.3 88.1 85.6 410A) RCL g/m³ 67.859.5 53.0 47.8 43.5

TABLE 14 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.0 58.0 62.052.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 HFO-1123 mass % 41.0 39.0 37.0 33.0 41.0 39.0 37.035.0 R1234yf mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 COP ratio % (relative 95.1 95.3 95.6 96.0 95.1 95.4 95.6 95.8 to 410A)Refrigerating % (relative 102.8 102.6 102.3 101.8 101.9 101.7 101.5101.2 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.930.94 0.95 0.95 glide Discharge % (relative 110.5 109.9 109.3 108.1 109.7109.1 108.5 107.9 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 43.2 42.4 41.7 40.3 43.943.1 42.4 41.6

TABLE 15 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 HFO-1132(E) mass % 60.0 62.0 61.0 58.060.0 62.0 52.0 54.0 HFO-1123 mass % 33.0 31.0 29.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 34.032.0 R1234yf mass % 7.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 GWP — 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 COP ratio % (relative 96.0 96.2 96.5 96.4 96.6 96.8 96.0 96.2 to410A) Refrigerating % (relative 100.9 100.7 99.1 98.4 98.1 97.8 98.097.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 0.95 0.95 1.18 1.34 1.331.32 1.53 1.53 glide Discharge % (relative 107.3 106.7 104.9 104.4 103.8103.2 104.7 104.1 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 40.9 40.3 40.5 41.5 40.840.1 43.6 42.9

TABLE 16 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 48.050.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 HFO-1123 mass % 30.0 28.0 26.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.028.0 R1234yf mass % 14.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 GWP — 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 COP ratio % (relative 96.4 96.6 96.9 95.8 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.7to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 97.5 97.2 96.9 97.3 97.1 96.8 96.696.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.72 1.721.71 1.69 1.67 glide Discharge % (relative 103.5 102.9 102.3 104.3 103.8103.2 102.7 102.1 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 42.1 41.4 40.7 45.2 44.443.6 42.8 42.1

TABLE 17 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 HFO-1132(E) mass % 58.0 60.0 42.0 44.046.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 HFO-1123 mass % 26.0 24.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.030.0 R1234yf mass % 16.0 16.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 GWP — 1 1 22 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.9 97.1 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 96.3 96.5to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 96.1 95.8 96.8 96.6 96.4 96.2 95.995.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 1.65 1.63 1.93 1.92 1.921.91 1.89 1.88 glide Discharge % (relative 101.5 100.9 104.5 103.9 103.4102.9 102.3 101.8 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 41.4 40.7 47.8 46.9 46.045.1 44.3 43.5

TABLE 18 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.058.0 60.0 36.0 38.0 42.0 44.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 44.042.0 38.0 36.0 R1234yf mass % 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 95.195.3 95.7 95.9 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 95.4 95.2 94.9 94.696.3 96.1 95.7 95.4 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 1.86 1.831.80 1.77 2.14 2.14 2.13 2.12 glide Discharge % (relative 101.2 100.6100.0 99.5 104.5 104.0 103.0 102.5 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 42.7 42.041.3 40.6 50.7 49.7 47.7 46.8

TABLE 19 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.052.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 34.0 36.0 HFO-1123 mass % 34.0 32.0 28.0 26.0 24.022.0 44.0 42.0 R1234yf mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 22.0 22.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.1 96.3 96.7 96.9 97.297.4 95.1 95.3 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 95.2 95.0 94.5 94.294.0 93.7 95.3 95.1 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.11 2.092.05 2.02 1.99 1.95 2.37 2.36 glide Discharge % (relative 101.9 101.4100.3 99.7 99.2 98.6 103.4 103.0 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 45.9 45.043.4 42.7 41.9 41.2 51.7 50.6

TABLE 20 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 HFO-1132(E) mass % 38.0 40.042.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 HFO-1123 mass % 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.030.0 28.0 26.0 R1234yf mass % 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 95.5 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.496.6 96.8 97.0 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 94.9 94.7 94.5 94.394.0 93.8 93.6 93.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.36 2.352.33 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 glide Discharge % (relative 102.5 102.0101.5 101.0 100.4 99.9 99.4 98.8 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 49.6 48.647.6 46.7 45.8 45.0 44.1 43.4

TABLE 21 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.058.0 60.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 HFO-1123 mass % 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 44.042.0 40.0 38.0 R1234yf mass % 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.9 95.295.4 95.6 95.8 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 93.0 92.8 92.5 92.294.3 94.1 93.9 93.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.18 2.142.09 2.04 2.61 2.60 2.59 2.58 glide Discharge % (relative 98.2 97.7 97.196.5 102.4 101.9 101.5 101.0 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 42.6 41.9 41.240.5 52.7 51.6 50.5 49.5

TABLE 22 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.044.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 HFO-1123 mass % 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.026.0 24.0 22.0 R1234yf mass % 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.6 96.897.0 97.2 97.5 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 93.5 93.3 93.1 92.892.6 92.4 92.1 91.8 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.56 2.542.51 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.38 2.33 glide Discharge % (relative 100.5 100.099.5 98.9 98.4 97.9 97.3 96.8 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 48.5 47.5 46.645.7 44.9 44.1 43.3 42.5

TABLE 23 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.060.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 HFO-1123 mass % 20.0 18.0 16.0 44.0 42.040.0 38.0 36.0 R1234yf mass % 24.0 24.0 24.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.7 97.9 98.1 95.3 95.595.7 95.9 96.1 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 91.6 91.3 91.0 93.293.1 92.9 92.7 92.5 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.28 2.222.16 2.86 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.79 glide Discharge % (relative 96.2 95.6 95.1101.3 100.8 100.4 99.9 99.4 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 41.8 41.1 40.453.7 52.6 51.5 50.4 49.4

TABLE 24 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.044.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 HFO-1123 mass % 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.024.0 22.0 20.0 R1234yf mass % 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.197.3 97.5 97.7 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 92.3 92.1 91.9 91.691.4 91.2 90.9 90.6 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.77 2.742.71 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.53 2.48 glide Discharge % (relative 99.0 98.5 97.997.4 96.9 96.4 95.8 95.3 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 48.4 47.4 46.5 45.744.8 44.0 43.2 42.5

TABLE 25 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.060.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 HFO-1123 mass % 18.0 16.0 14.0 42.0 40.038.0 36.0 34.0 R1234yf mass % 26.0 26.0 26.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.9 98.2 98.4 95.6 95.896.0 96.2 96.3 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 90.3 90.1 89.8 92.191.9 91.7 91.5 91.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.42 2.352.27 3.10 3.09 3.06 3.04 3.01 glide Discharge % (relative 94.7 94.1 93.699.7 99.3 98.8 98.4 97.9 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 41.7 41.0 40.3 53.652.5 51.4 50.3 49.3

TABLE 26 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.044.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 HFO-1123 mass % 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.022.0 20.0 18.0 R1234yf mass % 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.2 97.497.6 97.8 98.0 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 91.1 90.9 90.7 90.490.2 89.9 89.7 89.4 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.98 2.942.90 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.68 2.62 glide Discharge % (relative 97.4 96.9 96.495.9 95.4 94.9 94.3 93.8 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 48.3 47.4 46.4 45.644.7 43.9 43.1 42.4

TABLE 27 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.060.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 42.0 HFO-1123 mass % 16.0 14.0 12.0 38.0 36.034.0 32.0 28.0 R1234yf mass % 28.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 98.2 98.4 98.6 96.1 96.296.4 96.6 97.0 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 89.1 88.8 88.5 90.790.5 90.3 90.1 89.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 2.54 2.462.38 3.32 3.30 3.26 3.22 3.14 glide Discharge % (relative 93.2 92.6 92.197.7 97.3 96.8 96.4 95.4 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 41.7 41.0 40.3 52.451.3 50.2 49.2 47.3

TABLE 28 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 HFO-1132(E) mass % 44.0 46.048.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 HFO-1123 mass % 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.016.0 14.0 12.0 R1234yf mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.098.3 98.5 98.7 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 89.4 89.2 89.0 88.788.4 88.2 87.9 87.6 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 3.08 3.032.97 2.90 2.83 2.75 2.66 2.57 glide Discharge % (relative 94.9 94.4 93.993.3 92.8 92.3 91.7 91.1 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 46.4 45.5 44.7 43.943.1 42.3 41.6 40.9

TABLE 29 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 32.034.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 HFO-1123 mass % 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.028.0 26.0 24.0 R1234yf mass % 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.2 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.997.1 97.3 97.5 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 89.6 89.5 89.3 89.188.9 88.7 88.4 88.2 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 3.60 3.563.52 3.48 3.43 3.38 3.33 3.26 glide Discharge % (relative 96.6 96.2 95.795.3 94.8 94.3 93.9 93.4 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 53.4 52.3 51.2 50.149.1 48.1 47.2 46.3

TABLE 30 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.050.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 HFO-1123 mass % 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.012.0 10.0 8.0 R1234yf mass % 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 GWP— 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.798.9 99.2 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 88.0 87.7 87.5 87.2 86.986.6 86.3 86.0 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 3.20 3.12 3.042.96 2.87 2.77 2.66 2.55 glide Discharge % (relative 92.8 92.3 91.8 91.390.7 90.2 89.6 89.1 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 45.4 44.6 43.8 43.0 42.341.5 40.8 40.2

TABLE 31 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 32.034.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 HFO-1123 mass % 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.026.0 24.0 22.0 R1234yf mass % 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.5 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.297.4 97.6 97.8 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 88.4 88.2 88.0 87.887.6 87.4 87.2 87.0 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 3.84 3.803.75 3.70 3.64 3.58 3.51 3.43 glide Discharge % (relative 95.0 94.6 94.293.7 93.3 92.8 92.3 91.8 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 53.3 52.2 51.1 50.049.0 48.0 47.1 46.2

TABLE 32 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.050.0 52.0 54.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 HFO-1123 mass % 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.034.0 32.0 30.0 R1234yf mass % 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 36.0 36.0 36.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.896.8 96.9 97.1 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 86.7 86.5 86.2 85.985.6 87.2 87.0 86.8 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 3.36 3.273.18 3.08 2.97 4.08 4.03 3.97 glide Discharge % (relative 91.3 90.8 90.389.7 89.2 93.4 93.0 92.6 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 45.3 44.5 43.7 42.942.2 53.2 52.1 51.0

TABLE 33 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ExampleItem Unit 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 HFO-1132(E) mass % 36.0 38.040.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 30.0 32.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.018.0 32.0 30.0 R1234yf mass % 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 38.0 38.0GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.198.3 97.1 97.2 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 86.6 86.4 86.2 85.985.7 85.5 85.9 85.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 3.91 3.843.76 3.68 3.60 3.50 4.32 4.25 glide Discharge % (relative 92.1 91.7 91.290.7 90.3 89.8 91.9 91.4 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m³ 49.9 48.9 47.9 47.046.1 45.3 53.1 52.0

TABLE 34 Item Unit Example 226 Example 227 HFO-1132(E) mass % 34.0 36.0HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 R1234yf mass % 38.0 38.0 GWP — 2 2 COP ratio %(relative 97.4 97.6 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.6 85.3capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation glide ° C. 4.18 4.11 Dischargepressure % (relative 91.0 90.6 to 410A) RCL g/m³ 50.9 49.8

These results indicate that under the condition that the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, CO, and OA that connect thefollowing 7 points: point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),

point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0),point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), andpoint O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentCO);the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3,the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6),the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), andthe line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines,the refrigerant has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or morerelative to that of R410A,and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A.

The point on the line segment AA′ was determined by obtaining anapproximate curve connecting point A, Example 1, and point A′ by theleast square method.

The point on the line segment A′B was determined by obtaining anapproximate curve connecting point A′, Example 3, and point B by theleast square method.

The point on the line segment DC′ was determined by obtaining anapproximate curve connecting point D, Example 6, and point C′ by theleast square method.

The point on the line segment C′C was determined by obtaining anapproximate curve connecting point C′, Example 4, and point C by theleast square method.

Likewise, the results indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are withinthe range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA′, A′B, BF, FT, TE,EO, and OA that connect the following 7 points:

point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2),point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),point E (58.0, 42.0, 0.0) andpoint O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding thepoints on the line EO);the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503),the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3),the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,0.0078x²−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x²−0.2499x+38.2), andthe line segment TE is represented by coordinates (x,0.0067x²−0.7607x+63.525, −0.0067x²−0.2393x+36.475), andthe line segments BF, FO, and OA are straight lines,the refrigerant has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or morerelative to that of R410A,and a COP of 95% or more relative to that of R410A.

The point on the line segment FT was determined by obtaining anapproximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points T, E′, and F, bythe least square method.

The point on the line segment TE was determined by obtaining anapproximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points E, R, and T, bythe least square method.

The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a ternarycomposition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf in which the sum of these components is 100 mass %, a linesegment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0,100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, andthe point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates(x,y,z) are on or below the line segment LM connecting point L (63.1,31.9, 5.0) and point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), the refrigerant has an RCL of40 g/m³ or more.

The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a ternarycomposition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass %, a line segment connectinga point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, thepoint (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0,100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the linesegment QR connecting point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6) and point R (49.8, 42.3,7.9) or on the left side of the line segment, the refrigerant has atemperature glide of 1C or less.

The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a ternarycomposition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass %, a line segment connectinga point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, thepoint (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0,100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the linesegment ST connecting point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1) and point T (35.8, 44.9,19.3) or on the right side of the line segment, the refrigerant has adischarge pressure of 105% or less relative to that of 410A.

In these compositions, R1234yf contributes to reducing flammability, andsuppressing deterioration of polymerization etc. Therefore, thecomposition preferably contains R1234yf.

Further, the burning velocity of these mixed refrigerants whose mixedformulations were adjusted to WCF concentrations was measured accordingto the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Compositions having a burningvelocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be classified as “Class2L (lower flammability).”

A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG.1 in the following manner. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 901 refers to asample cell, 902 refers to a high-speed camera, 903 refers to a xenonlamp, 904 refers to a collimating lens, 905 refers to a collimatinglens, and 906 refers to a ring filter. First, the mixed refrigerantsused had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating acycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air wereobserved on the vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by theclosed method. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignitionwas performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes inthe center of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. Thespread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. Acylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equippedwith two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell,and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of theflame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rateof 600 fps and stored on a PC.

Each WCFF concentration was obtained by using the WCF concentration asthe initial concentration and performing a leak simulation using NISTStandard Reference Database REFLEAK Version 4.0.

Tables 35 and 36 show the results.

TABLE 35 Item Unit G H I WCF HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0 HFO-1123mass % 28.0 9.6 0.0 R1234yf mass % 0.0 18.4 28.0 Burning velocity (WCF)cm/s 10 10 10

TABLE 36 Item Unit J P L N N' K WCF HFO-1132 mass % 47.1 55.8 63.1 68.665.0 61.3 (E) HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 42.0 31.9 16.3  7.7  5.4 R1234yf mass%  0.0  2.2  5.0 15.1 27.3 33.3 Leak condition Storage/ Storage/Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ that results in WCFF ShippingShipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping, −40° C., 92% −40° C., 90%−40° C., 90% −40° C., 66% −40° C., 12% −40° C., 0% release, release,release, release, release, release, liquid liquid gas phase gas phasegas phase gas phase phase side phase side side side side side WCFFHFO-1132 mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 (E) HFO-1123 mass % 28.017.8 17.4 13.6 12.3  9.8 R1234yf mass %  0.0 10.2 10.6 14.4 15.7 18.2Burning cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less  9  9 8 or less velocity(WCF) Burning cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10 velocity (WCFF)

The results in Table 35 clearly indicate that when a mixed refrigerantof HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf contains HFO-1132(E) in aproportion of 72.0 mass % or less based on their sum, the refrigerantcan be determined to have a WCF lower flammability.

The results in Tables 36 clearly indicate that in a ternary compositiondiagram of a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf inwhich their sum is 100 mass %, and a line segment connecting a point(0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, whencoordinates (x,y,z) are on or below the line segments JP, PN, and NKconnecting the following 6 points:

point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0)point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1)point N′ (65.0, 7.7, 27.3) andpoint K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3),the refrigerant can be determined to have a WCF lower flammability, anda WCFF lower flammability.In the diagram, the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43),and the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x,0.2421x²−29.955x+931.91, −0.2421x²+28.955x−831.91).

The point on the line segment PN was determined by obtaining anapproximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points P, L, and N, bythe least square method.

The point on the line segment NK was determined by obtaining anapproximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points N, N′, and K, bythe least square method.

(5-2) Refrigerant B

The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is

a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E))and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass % ormore based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerant comprising62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % or 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E)based on the entire refrigerant, or

a mixed refrigerant comprising HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a totalamount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and therefrigerant comprising 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) basedon the entire refrigerant.

The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure has variousproperties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant, i.e.,(1) a coefficient of performance equivalent to that of R410A, (2) arefrigerating capacity equivalent to that of R410A, (3) a sufficientlylow GWP, and (4) a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAEstandard.

When the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is a mixedrefrigerant comprising 72.0 mass % or less of HFO-1132(E), it has WCFlower flammability. When the refrigerant B according to the presentdisclosure is a composition comprising 47.1% or less of HFO-1132(E), ithas WCF lower flammability and WCFF lower flammability, and isdetermined to be “Class 2L,” which is a lower flammable refrigerantaccording to the ASHRAE standard, and which is further easier to handle.

When the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure comprises62.0 mass % or more of HFO-1132(E), it becomes superior with acoefficient of performance of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, thepolymerization reaction of HFO-1132(E) and/or HFO-1123 is furthersuppressed, and the stability is further improved. When the refrigerantB according to the present disclosure comprises 45.1 mass % or more ofHFO-1132(E), it becomes superior with a coefficient of performance of93% or more relative to that of R410A, the polymerization reaction ofHFO-1132(E) and/or HFO-1123 is further suppressed, and the stability isfurther improved.

The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure may furthercomprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E) andHFO-1123, as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired.In this respect, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurepreferably comprises HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a total amount of 99.75mass % or more, and more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on theentire refrigerant.

Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be selected from awide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant may comprise a singleadditional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.

Examples of Refrigerant B

The present disclosure is described in more detail below with referenceto Examples of refrigerant B. However, the refrigerant B is not limitedto the Examples.

Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 atmass % based on their sum shown in Tables 37 and 38.

The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A(R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report. The GWPof HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed to be 1 fromHFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described inWO2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of compositions eachcomprising R410A and a mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 wasdetermined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculationsfor the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science andTechnology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and TransportProperties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.

Evaporating temperature: 5° C.Condensation temperature: 45° C.Superheating temperature: 5 KSubcooling temperature: 5 KCompressor efficiency: 70%

The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak simulationwas performed using NIST Standard Reference Data Base Refleak Version4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping, Leak, andRecharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most flammablefraction was defined as WCFF.

Tables 1 and 2 show GWP, COP, and refrigerating capacity, which werecalculated based on these results. The COP and refrigerating capacityare ratios relative to R410A.

The coefficient of performance (COP) was determined by the followingformula.

COP=(refrigerating capacity or heating capacity)/power consumption

For the flammability, the burning velocity was measured according to theANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Both WCF and WCFF having a burningvelocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be “Class 2L (lowerflammability).”

A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG.1 in the following manner. First, the mixed refrigerants used had apurity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle offreezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed onthe vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closedmethod. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition wasperformed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in thecenter of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spreadof the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindricalcontainer (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with twolight transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and axenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flamewere recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of600 fps and stored on a PC.

TABLE 37 Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Comparative ExampleExample Example Example Example Comparative Item Unit R410A HFO-1132EExample 3 1 2 3 4 5 Example 4 HFO-1132E mass % — 100 80 72 70 68 65 6260 (WCF) HFO-1123 mass % 0 20 28 30 32 35 38 40 (WCF) GWP — 2088 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 COP ratio % 100 99.7 97.5 96.6 96.3 96.1 95.8 95.4 95.2(relative to R410A) Refrigerating % 100 98.3 101.9 103.1 103.4 103.8104.1 104.5 104.8 capacity (relative ratio to R410A) Discharge Mpa 2.732.71 2.89 2.96 2.98 3.00 3.02 3.04 3.06 pressure Burning cm/sec Non- 2013 10 9 9 8 8 or less 8 or less velocity flammable (WCF)

TABLE 38 Comparative Comparative Comparative Example Example ExampleComparative Comparative Comparative Example 10 Item Unit Example 5Example 6 7 8 9 Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 HFO-1123 HFO-1132E mass %50 48 47.1 46.1 45.1 43 40 25 0 (WCF) HFO-1123 mass % 50 52 52.9 53.954.9 57 60 75 100 (WCF) GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 COP ratio % 94.1 93.993.8 93.7 93.6 93.4 93.1 91.9 90.6 (relative to R410A) Refrigerating %105.9 106.1 106.2 106.3 106.4 106.6 106.9 107.9 108.0 capacity (relativeratio to R410A) Discharge Mpa 3.14 3.16 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.20 3.21 3.313.39 pressure Leakage test Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ — conditions (WCFF) Shipping ShippingShipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping −40° C., −40° C.,−40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., 92% 92% 92% 92%92% 92% 92% 90% release, release, release, release, release, release,release, release, liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquidliquid phase phase phase phase phase phase phase phase side side sideside side side side side HFO-1132E mass % 74 73 72 71 70 67 63 38 —(WCFF) HFO-1123 mass % 26 27 28 29 30 33 37 62 (WCFF) Burning cm/sec 8or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 orless 5 velocity (WCF) Burning cm/sec 11 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.5 8.5 8 or less8 or less velocity (WCFF) ASHRAE flammability 2 2 2 L 2 L 2 L 2 L 2 L 2L 2 L classification

The compositions each comprising 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % ofHFO-1132(E) based on the entire composition are stable while having alow GWP (GWP=1), and they ensure WCF lower flammability. Further,surprisingly, they can ensure performance equivalent to that of R410A.Moreover, compositions each comprising 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % ofHFO-1132(E) based on the entire composition are stable while having alow GWP (GWP=1), and they ensure WCFF lower flammability. Further,surprisingly, they can ensure performance equivalent to that of R410A.

(5-3) Refrigerant C

The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is a compositioncomprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene(HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane(R32), and satisfies the following requirements. The refrigerant Caccording to the present disclosure has various properties that aredesirable as an alternative refrigerant for R410A; i.e. it has acoefficient of performance and a refrigerating capacity that areequivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.

Requirements

Preferable refrigerant C is as follows:

When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based ontheir sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,

if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram inwhich the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass %are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BD′, D′C, and CG that connect the following 6 points:

point G (0.026a²−1.7478a+72.0, −0.026a²+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0),point I (0.026a²−1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, −0.026a²+0.7478a+28.0),point A (0.0134a²−1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, −0.0134a²+0.9681a+31.4),point B (0.0, 0.0144a²−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a²+0.6377a+41.3),point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a²+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a²−1.968a+24.6), andpoint C (−0.2304a²−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a²−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D′C (excluding point G, point I,point A, point B, point D′, and point C);

if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:

point G (0.02a²−1.6013a+71.105, −0.02a²+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0),point I (0.02a²−1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, −0.02a²+0.6013a+28.895),point A (0.0112a²−1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, −0.0112a²+0.9337a+31.516),point B (0.0, 0.0075a²−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a²+0.5156a+41.801) andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A,point B, and point W);

if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:

point G (0.0135a²−1.4068a+69.727, −0.0135a²+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0),point I (0.0135a²−1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, −0.0135a²+0.4068a+30.273),point A (0.0107a²−1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, −0.0107a²+0.9142a+31.695),point B (0.0, 0.009a²−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a²+0.6045a+40.682) andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A,point B, and point W);

if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:

point G (0.0111a²−1.3152a+68.986, −0.0111a²+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0),point I (0.0111a²−1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, −0.0111a²+0.3152a+31.014),point A (0.0103a²−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a²+0.9225a+31.207),point B (0.0, 0.0046a²−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a²+0.41a+42.714) andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A,point B, and point W); and

if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:

point G (0.0061a²−0.9918a+63.902, −0.0061a²−0.0082a+36.098, 0.0),point I (0.0061a²−0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, −0.0061a²−0.0082a+36.098),point A (0.0085a²−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a²+0.8102a+32.9),point B (0.0, 0.0012a²−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a²+0.1659a+47.05) andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A,point B, and point W). When the refrigerant according to the presentdisclosure satisfies the above requirements, it has a refrigeratingcapacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratioof 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and further ensures a WCFlower flammability.

The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumis respectively represented by x, y, and z,

if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram inwhich the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass %are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B,BD′, D′C, and CJ that connect the following 5 points:

point J (0.0049a²−0.9645a+47.1, −0.0049a²−0.0355a+52.9, 0.0),point K′ (0.0514a²−2.4353a+61.7, −0.0323a²+0.4122a+5.9,−0.0191a²+1.0231a+32.4),point B (0.0, 0.0144a²−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a²+0.6377a+41.3),point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a²+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a²−1.968a+24.6), andpoint C (−0.2304a²−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a²−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′, K′B, and D′C (excluding point J, point B,point D′, and point C);

if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B,BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:

point J (0.0243a²−1.4161a+49.725, −0.0243a²+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0),point K′ (0.0341a²−2.1977a+61.187, −0.0236a²+0.34a+5.636,−0.0105a²+0.8577a+33.177),point B (0.0, 0.0075a²−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a²+0.5156a+41.801) andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, andpoint W);

if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B,BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:

point J (0.0246a²−1.4476a+50.184, −0.0246a²+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0),point K′ (0.0196a²−1.7863a+58.515, −0.0079a²−0.1136a+8.702,−0.0117a²+0.8999a+32.783),point B (0.0, 0.009a²−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a²+0.6045a+40.682) andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, andpoint W);

if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A,AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:

point J (0.0183a²−1.1399a+46.493, −0.0183a²+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0),point K′ (−0.0051a²+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a²−1.0929a+74.05),point A (0.0103a²−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a²+0.9225a+31.207),point B (0.0, 0.0046a²−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a²+0.41a+42.714) andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B,and point W); and

if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A,AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:

point J (−0.0134a²+1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a²−2.0956a+92.87, 0.0),point K′(−1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557),point A (0.0085a²−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a²+0.8102a+32.9),point B (0.0, 0.0012a²−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a²+0.1659a+47.05) andpoint W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B,and point W). When the refrigerant according to the present disclosuresatisfies the above requirements, it has a refrigerating capacity ratioof 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% ormore relative to that of R410A. Additionally, the refrigerant has a WCFlower flammability and a WCFF lower flammability, and is classified as“Class 2L,” which is a lower flammable refrigerant according to theASHRAE standard.

When the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure furthercontains R32 in addition to HFO-1132 (E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, therefrigerant may be a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, z, and a,

if 0<a≤10.0, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram inwhich the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass %are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines thatconnect the following 4 points:

point a (0.02a²−2.46a+93.4, 0, −0.02a²+2.46a+6.6),point b′ (−0.008a²−1.38a+56, 0.018a²−0.53a+26.3, −0.01a²+1.91a+17.7),point c (−0.016a²+1.02a+77.6, 0.016a²−1.02a+22.4, 0), andpoint o (100.0−a, 0.0, 0.0)or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and pointc);

if 10.0<a≤16.5, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines thatconnect the following 4 points:

point a (0.0244a²−2.5695a+94.056, 0, −0.0244a²+2.5695a+5.944),point b′ (0.1161a²−1.9959a+59.749, 0.014a²−0.3399a+24.8,−0.1301a²+2.3358a+15.451),point c (−0.0161a²+1.02a+77.6, 0.0161a²−1.02a+22.4, 0), andpoint o (100.0−a, 0.0, 0.0),or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and pointc); or

if 16.5<a≤21.8, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines thatconnect the following 4 points:

point a (0.0161a²−2.3535a+92.742, 0, −0.0161a²+2.3535a+7.258),point b′ (−0.0435a²−0.0435a+50.406, 0.0304a²+1.8991a−0.0661,0.0739a²−1.8556a+49.6601),point c (−0.0161a²+0.9959a+77.851, 0.0161a²−0.9959a+22.149, 0), andpoint o (100.0−a, 0.0, 0.0),or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and pointc). Note that when point b in the ternary composition diagram is definedas a point where a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% relative to thatof R410A and a COP ratio of 95% relative to that of R410A are bothachieved, point b′ is the intersection of straight line ab and anapproximate line formed by connecting the points where the COP ratiorelative to that of R410A is 95%. When the refrigerant according to thepresent disclosure meets the above requirements, the refrigerant has arefrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A,and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A.

The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure may furthercomprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 as long as the above properties and effectsare not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant according to thepresent disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf,and R32 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75mass % or more, and still more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based onthe entire refrigerant.

The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure may compriseHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 in a total amount of 99.5 mass %or more, 99.75 mass % or more, or 99.9 mass % or more, based on theentire refrigerant.

Additional refrigerants are not particularly limited and can be widelyselected. The mixed refrigerant may contain one additional refrigerant,or two or more additional refrigerants.

Examples of Refrigerant C

The present disclosure is described in more detail below with referenceto Examples of refrigerant C. However, the refrigerant C is not limitedto the Examples.

Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,R1234yf, and R32 at mass % based on their sum shown in Tables 39 to 96.

The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A(R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report. The GWPof HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed to be 1 fromHFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described inWO2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of compositions eachcomprising R410A and a mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 wasdetermined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculationsfor the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science andTechnology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and TransportProperties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.

For each of these mixed refrigerants, the COP ratio and therefrigerating capacity ratio relative to those of R410 were obtained.Calculation was conducted under the following conditions.

Evaporating temperature: 5° C.

Condensation temperature: 45° C.

Superheating temperature: 5 K

Subcooling temperature: 5 K

Compressor efficiency: 70%

Tables 39 to 96 show the resulting values together with the GWP of eachmixed refrigerant. The COP and refrigerating capacity are ratiosrelative to R410A.

The coefficient of performance (COP) was determined by the followingformula.

COP=(refrigerating capacity or heating capacity)/power consumption

TABLE 39 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex.4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 1 Item Unit Ex. 1 A B C D′ G I J K′HFO-1132(E) Mass % R410A 68.6 0.0 32.9 0.0 72.0 72.0 47.1 61.7 HFO-1123Mass % 0.0 58.7 67.1 75.4 28.0 0.0 52.9 5.9 R1234yf Mass % 31.4 41.3 0.024.6 0.0 28.0 0.0 32.4 R32 Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 GWP —2088 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 COP ratio % (relative 100 100.0 95.5 92.5 93.1 96.699.9 93.8 99.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 100 85.0 85.0 107.495.0 103.1 86.6 106.2 85.5 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 40 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 11Ex. 12 Ex. 13 Ex. 14 Ex. 15 Ex. 2 Item Unit A B C D′ G I J K′ HFO-1132Mass % 55.3 0.0 18.4 0.0 60.9 60.9 40.5 47.0 (E) HFO-1123 Mass % 0.047.8 74.5 83.4 32.0 0.0 52.4 7.2 R1234yf Mass % 37.6 45.1 0.0 9.5 0.032.0 0.0 38.7 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP — 50 50 4949 49 50 49 50 COP ratio % 99.8 96.9 92.5 92.5 95.9 99.6 94.0 99.2(relative to R410A) Refrigerating % 85.0 85.0 110.5 106.0 106.5 87.7108.9 85.5 capacity ratio (relative to R410A)

TABLE 41 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 16 Ex. 17 Ex. 18 Ex. 19Ex. 20 Ex. 21 Ex. 3 Item Unit A B C = D′ G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass %48.4 0.0 0.0 55.8 55.8 37.0 41.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 42.3 88.9 33.1 0.051.9 6.5 R1234yf Mass % 40.5 46.6 0.0 0.0 33.1 0.0 41.4 R32 Mass % 11.111.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 GWP — 77 77 76 76 77 76 77 COP ratio %99.8 97.6 92.5 95.8 99.5 94.2 99.3 (relative to R410A) Refrigerating %85.0 85.0 112.0 108.0 88.6 110.2 85.4 capacity ratio (relative to R410A)

TABLE 42 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 22 Ex. 23 Ex. 24 Ex. 25 Ex.26 Ex. 4 Item Unit A B G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass % 42.8 0.0 52.1 52.134.3 36.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 37.8 33.4 0.0 51.2 5.6 R1234yf Mass % 42.747.7 0.0 33.4 0.0 43.4 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP —100 100 99 100 99 100 COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 99.9 98.1 95.899.5 94.4 99.5 Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 85.0 85.0 109.1 89.6111.1 85.3 capacity ratio

TABLE 43 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 27 Ex. 28 Ex. 29 Ex. 30 Ex.31 Ex. 5 Item Unit A B G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass % 37.0 0.0 48.6 48.632.0 32.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 33.1 33.2 0.0 49.8 4.0 R1234yf Mass % 44.848.7 0.0 33.2 0.0 45.3 R32 Mass % 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 GWP —125 125 124 125 124 125 COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.0 98.6 95.999.4 94.7 99.8 Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 85.0 85.0 110.1 90.8111.9 85.2 capacity ratio

TABLE 44 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 32 Ex. 33 Ex. 34 Ex. 35 Ex.36 Ex. 6 Item Unit A B G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass % 31.5 0.0 45.4 45.430.3 28.8 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 28.5 32.7 0.0 47.8 2.4 R1234yf Mass % 46.649.6 0.0 32.7 0.0 46.9 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP —150 150 149 150 149 150 COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.2 99.1 96.099.4 95.1 100.0 Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 85.0 85.0 111.0 92.1112.6 85.1 capacity ratio

TABLE 45 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 37 Ex. 38 Ex. 39 Ex. 40Ex. 41 Ex. 42 Item Unit A B G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass % 24.8 0.0 41.841.8 29.1 24.8 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 22.9 31.5 0.0 44.2 0.0 R1234yf Mass %48.5 50.4 0.0 31.5 0.0 48.5 R32 Mass % 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 GWP— 182 182 181 182 181 182 COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.4 99.896.3 99.4 95.6 100.4 Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 85.0 85.0 111.993.8 113.2 85.0 capacity ratio

TABLE 46 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 43 Ex. 44 Ex. 45 Ex. 46Ex. 47 Ex. 48 Item Unit A B G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.3 0.0 40.040.0 28.8 24.3 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 19.9 30.7 0.0 41.9 0.0 R1234yf Mass %49.4 50.8 0.0 30.7 0.0 46.4 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP— 200 200 198 199 198 200 COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.6 100.196.6 99.5 96.1 100.4 Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 85.0 85.0 112.494.8 113.6 86.7 capacity ratio

TABLE 47 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 49 Ex. 50 Ex. 51 Ex. 52Ex. 53 Ex. 54 Item Unit A B G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass % 12.1 0.0 35.735.7 29.3 22.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 11.7 27.6 0.0 34.0 0.0 R1234yf Mass %51.2 51.6 0.0 27.6 0.0 40.8 R32 Mass % 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 GWP— 250 250 248 249 248 250 COP ratio %(relative to R410A) 101.2 101.096.4 99.6 97.0 100.4 Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 85.0 85.0 113.297.6 113.9 90.9 capacity ratio

TABLE 48 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 55 Ex. 56 Ex. 57 Ex. 58Ex. 59 Ex. 60 Item Unit A B G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass % 3.8 0.0 32.032.0 29.4 21.1 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 3.9 23.9 0.0 26.5 0.0 R1234yf Mass %52.1 52.0 0.0 23.9 0.0 34.8 R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP— 300 300 298 299 298 299 COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.8 101.897.9 99.8 97.8 100.5 Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 85.0 85.0 113.7100.4 113.9 94.9 capacity ratio

TABLE 49 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. 61 Ex. 62 Ex. 63 Ex. 64 Ex.65 Item Unit A = B G I J K′ HFO-1132(E) Mass % 0.0 30.4 30.4 28.9 20.4HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 21.8 0.0 23.3 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 52.2 0.0 21.8 0.031.8 R32 Mass % 47.8 47.8 47.8 47.8 47.8 GWP — 325 323 324 323 324 COPratio % (relative 102.1 98.2 100.0 98.2 100.6 to R410A) Refrigerating %(relative 85.0 113.8 101.8 113.9 96.8 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 50 Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit Ex. 66 7 8 9 10 1112 13 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 HFO-1123Mass % 82.9 77.9 72.9 67.9 62.9 57.9 52.9 47.9 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.05.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP —49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 COP ratio % (relative to 92.4 92.6 92.8 93.193.4 93.7 94.1 94.5 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 108.4 108.3108.2 107.9 107.6 107.2 106.8 106.3 capacity ratio R410A)

TABLE 51 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 14 15 16 17 Ex. 6718 19 20 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0HFO-1123 Mass % 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 72.9 67.9 62.9 R1234yf Mass %5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.17.1 7.1 GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 COP ratio % (relative to 95.0 95.495.9 96.4 96.9 93.0 93.3 93.6 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 105.8105.2 104.5 103.9 103.1 105.7 105.5 105.2 capacity ratio R410A)

TABLE 52 Item Unit Ex. 21 Ex. 22 Ex. 23 Ex. 24 Ex. 25 Ex. 26 Ex. 27 Ex.28 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 HFO-1123Mass % 57.9 52.9 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.010.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 COP ratio % (relative to 93.9 94.2 94.695.0 95.5 96.0 96.4 96.9 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 104.9 104.5104.1 103.6 103.0 102.4 101.7 101.0 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 53 Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit Ex. 68 29 30 31 3233 34 35 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0HFO-1123 Mass % 17.9 67.9 62.9 57.9 52.9 47.9 42.9 37.9 R1234yf Mass %10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.17.1 7.1 7.1 GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 COP ratio % (relative to 97.493.5 93.8 94.1 94.4 94.8 95.2 95.6 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to100.3 102.9 102.7 102.5 102.1 101.7 101.2 100.7 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 54 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 36 37 38 39 Ex. 6940 41 42 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0HFO-1123 Mass % 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9 62.9 57.9 52.9 R1234yf Mass %15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.17.1 7.1 7.1 GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 COP ratio % (relative to 96.096.5 97.0 97.5 98.0 94.0 94.3 94.6 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to100.1 99.5 98.9 98.1 97.4 100.1 99.9 99.6 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 55 Item Unit Ex. 43 Ex. 44 Ex. 45 Ex. 46 Ex. 47 Ex. 48 Ex. 49 Ex.50 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 HFO-1123Mass % 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9 R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.020.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 COP ratio % (relative to 95.0 95.3 95.796.2 96.6 97.1 97.6 98.1 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 99.2 98.898.3 97.8 97.2 96.6 95.9 95.2 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 56 Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit Ex. 70 51 52 53 5455 56 57 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0HFO-1123 Mass % 7.9 57.9 52.9 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 R1234yf Mass %20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.17.1 7.1 7.1 GWP — 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 COP ratio % (relative to 98.694.6 94.9 95.2 95.5 95.9 96.3 96.8 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to94.4 97.1 96.9 96.7 96.3 95.9 95.4 94.8 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 57 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 58 59 60 61 Ex. 7162 63 64 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0HFO-1123 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.025.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 COP ratio % (relative to 97.2 97.7 98.298.7 99.2 95.2 95.5 95.8 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 94.2 93.692.9 92.2 91.4 94.2 93.9 93.7 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 58 Item Unit Ex. 65 Ex. 66 Ex. 67 Ex. 68 Ex. 69 Ex. 70 Ex. 71 Ex.72 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 HFO-1123Mass % 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9 7.9 2.9 R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.030.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 COP ratio % (relative to 96.2 96.6 97.097.4 97.9 98.3 98.8 99.3 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 93.3 92.992.4 91.8 91.2 90.5 89.8 89.1 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 59 Item Unit Ex. 73 Ex. 74 Ex. 75 Ex. 76 Ex. 77 Ex. 78 Ex. 79 Ex.80 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123Mass % 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.035.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 COP ratio % (relative to 95.9 96.2 96.596.9 97.2 97.7 98.1 98.5 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 91.1 90.990.6 90.2 89.8 89.3 88.7 88.1 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 60 Item Unit Ex. 81 Ex. 82 Ex. 83 Ex. 84 Ex. 85 Ex. 86 Ex. 87 Ex.88 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 HFO-1123Mass % 7.9 2.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.040.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 COP ratio % (relative to 99.0 99.4 96.696.9 97.2 97.6 98.0 98.4 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 87.4 86.7 88.087.8 87.5 87.1 86.6 86.1 capacity to R410A) ratio

TABLE 61 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Unit Ex.72 Ex. 73 Ex. 74 Ex. 75 Ex. 76 Ex. 77 Ex. 78 Ex. 79 HFO-1132(E) Mass %40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 12.9 7.9 2.937.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 R1234yf Mass % 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 45.045.0 45.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP — 50 50 50 5050 50 50 50 COP ratio % (relative to 98.8 99.2 99.6 97.4 97.7 98.0 98.398.7 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 85.5 84.9 84.2 84.9 84.6 84.383.9 83.5 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 62 Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Unit Ex. 80 Ex. 81 Ex. 82 HFO-1132(E)Mass % 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 12.9 7.9 2.9 R1234yf Mass % 45.045.0 45.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP — 50 50 50 COP ratio % (relative99.1 99.5 99.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 82.9 82.3 81.7capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 63 Item Unit Ex. 89 Ex. 90 Ex. 91 Ex. 92 Ex. 93 Ex. 94 Ex. 95 Ex.96 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123Mass % 70.5 65.5 60.5 55.5 50.5 45.5 40.5 35.5 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.05.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio % (relative to 93.7 93.994.1 94.4 94.7 95.0 95.4 95.8 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 110.2110.0 109.7 109.3 108.9 108.4 107.9 107.3 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 64 Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 97 Ex. 83 98 99 100101 102 103 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0HFO-1123 Mass % 30.5 25.5 65.5 60.5 55.5 50.5 45.5 40.5 R1234yf Mass %5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio % (relativeto 96.2 96.6 94.2 94.4 94.6 94.9 95.2 95.5 R410A) Refrigerating %(relative to 106.6 106.0 107.5 107.3 107.0 106.6 106.1 105.6 capacityR410A) ratio

TABLE 65 Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 104 105 106 Ex. 84107 108 109 110 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.025.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 60.5 55.5 50.5 45.5 R1234yfMass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio %(relative to 95.9 96.3 96.7 97.1 94.6 94.8 95.1 95.4 R410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 105.1 104.5 103.8 103.1 104.7 104.5 104.1103.7 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 66 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 111 112 113 114 115Ex. 85 116 117 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 10.015.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 55.5 50.5 R1234yfMass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio %(relative to 95.7 96.0 96.4 96.8 97.2 97.6 95.1 95.3 R410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 103.3 102.8 102.2 101.6 101.0 100.3 101.8101.6 capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 67 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Item Unit 118 119 120 121 122123 124 Ex. 86 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.055.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 45.5 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5 R1234yfMass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio %(relative to 95.6 95.9 96.2 96.5 96.9 97.3 97.7 98.2 R410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 101.2 100.8 100.4 99.9 99.3 98.7 98.0 97.3capacity R410A) ratio

TABLE 68 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 125 126 127 128 129130 131 132 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0HFO-1123 Mass % 50.5 45.5 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 R1234yf Mass %25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio % (relativeto 95.6 95.9 96.1 96.4 96.7 97.1 97.5 97.9 R410A) Refrigerating capacity% (relative to 98.9 98.6 98.3 97.9 97.4 96.9 96.3 95.7 ratio R410A)

TABLE 69 Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 133 87 134 135136 137 138 139 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.035.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 10.5 5.5 45.5 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 R1234yf Mass% 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio %(relative to 98.3 98.7 96.2 96.4 96.7 97.0 97.3 97.7 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 95.0 94.3 95.8 95.6 95.2 94.8 94.493.8 ratio R410A)

TABLE 70 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 140 141 142 143 144145 146 147 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0HFO-1123 Mass % 15.5 10.5 5.5 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 R1234yf Mass %30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio %(relative to 98.1 98.5 98.9 96.8 97.0 97.3 97.6 97.9 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 93.3 92.6 92.0 92.8 92.5 92.2 91.891.3 ratio R410A)

TABLE 71 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 148 149 150 151 152153 154 155 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 45.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0HFO-1123 Mass % 15.5 10.5 5.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 R1234yf Mass %35.0 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio %(relative to 98.3 98.7 99.1 97.4 97.7 98.0 98.3 98.6 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 90.8 90.2 89.6 89.6 89.4 89.0 88.688.2 ratio R410A)

TABLE 72 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit 156157 158 159 160 88 89 90 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 10.0 15.0 20.025.0 30.0 35.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 10.5 5.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5 5.5R1234yf Mass % 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 R32 Mass % 14.514.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100COP ratio % (relative to 98.9 99.3 98.1 98.4 98.7 98.9 99.3 99.6 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 87.6 87.1 86.5 86.2 85.9 85.5 85.084.5 ratio R410A)

TABLE 73 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit 9192 93 94 95 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 HFO-1123 Mass %25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5 5.5 R1234yf Mass % 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 R32 Mass% 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP — 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio %(relative to 98.9 99.1 99.4 99.7 100.0 R410A) Refrigerating capacity %(relative to 83.3 83.0 82.7 82.2 81.8 ratio R410A)

TABLE 74 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 161 162 163 164 165166 167 168 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0HFO-1123 Mass % 63.1 58.1 53.1 48.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass %5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio % (relative to94.8 95.0 95.2 95.4 95.7 95.9 96.2 96.6 R410A) Refrigerating capacity %(relative to 111.5 111.2 110.9 110.5 110.0 109.5 108.9 108.3 ratioR410A)

TABLE 75 Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 96 169 170 171172 173 174 175 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.040.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 58.1 53.1 48.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yfMass % 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio% (relative to 96.9 95.3 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.1 96.4 96.7 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 107.7 108.7 108.5 108.1 107.7107.2 106.7 106.1 ratio R410A)

TABLE 76 Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 176 97 177 178179 180 181 182 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.035.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 53.1 48.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yfMass % 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio% (relative to 97.0 97.4 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.3 96.6 96.9 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 105.5 104.9 105.9 105.6 105.3104.8 104.4 103.8 ratio R410A)

TABLE 77 Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 183 184 98 185186 187 188 189 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.030.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 48.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yfMass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio% (relative to 97.2 97.5 97.9 96.1 96.3 96.5 96.8 97.1 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 103.3 102.6 102.0 103.0 102.7102.3 101.9 101.4 ratio R410A)

TABLE 78 Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 190 191 192 99193 194 195 196 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.025.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass% 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio %(relative to 97.4 97.7 98.0 98.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.3 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 100.9 100.3 99.7 99.1 100.0 99.799.4 98.9 ratio R410A)

TABLE 79 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 197 198 199 200100 201 202 203 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.020.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass% 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 150 150 150 COP ratio %(relative to 97.6 97.9 98.2 98.5 98.9 97.1 97.3 97.6 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 98.5 97.9 97.4 96.8 96.1 97.0 96.796.3 ratio R410A)

TABLE 80 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 204 205 206 207 208209 210 211 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 10.0 15.0 20.0HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 33.1 28.1 23.1 R1234yf Mass %30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 COP ratio %(relative to 97.8 98.1 98.4 98.7 99.1 97.7 97.9 98.1 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 95.9 95.4 94.9 94.4 93.8 93.9 93.693.3 ratio R410A)

TABLE 81 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 212 213 214 215 216217 218 219 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0HFO-1123 Mass % 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 28.1 23.1 18.1 13.1 R1234yf Mass %35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 COP ratio %(relative to 98.4 98.7 99.0 99.3 98.3 98.5 98.7 99.0 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 92.9 92.4 91.9 91.3 90.8 90.5 90.289.7 ratio R410A)

TABLE 82 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit 220 221 222 223224 225 226 101 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.010.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 8.1 3.1 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 18.1 R1234yf Mass %40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.921.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 COP ratio %(relative to 99.3 99.6 98.9 99.1 99.3 99.6 99.9 99.6 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 89.3 88.8 87.6 87.3 87.0 86.6 86.284.4 ratio R410A)

TABLE 83 Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Unit Ex. 102 Ex. 103 Ex. 104 HFO-1132(E)Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 13.1 8.1 3.1 R1234yf Mass % 50.050.0 50.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP — 150 150 150 COP ratio %(relative 99.8 100.0 100.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 84.1 83.883.4 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 84 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit 227 228 229 230231 232 233 105 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.045.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 55.7 50.7 45.7 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 R1234yfMass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.329.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio %(relative to 95.9 96.0 96.2 96.3 96.6 96.8 97.1 97.3 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 112.2 111.9 111.6 111.2 110.7110.2 109.6 109.0 ratio R410A)

TABLE 85 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit 234 235 236 237238 239 240 106 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.045.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 50.7 45.7 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 R1234yfMass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.329.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio% (relative to 96.3 96.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.5 97.8 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 109.4 109.2 108.8 108.4 107.9107.4 106.8 106.2 ratio R410A)

TABLE 86 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit 241 242 243 244245 246 247 107 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.045.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 45.7 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 R1234yfMass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.329.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio% (relative to 96.7 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.7 97.9 98.2 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 106.6 106.3 106.0 105.5 105.1104.5 104.0 103.4 ratio R410A)

TABLE 87 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit 248 249 250 251252 253 254 108 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.045.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7 R1234yf Mass% 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.329.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio %(relative to 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.4 98.7 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 103.7 103.4 103.0 102.6 102.2101.6 101.1 100.5 ratio R410A)

TABLE 88 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 255 256 257 258 259260 261 262 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 10.0HFO-1123 Mass % 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7 30.7 R1234yf Mass %25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.329.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio %(relative to 97.6 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.4 98.6 98.9 98.1 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 100.7 100.4 100.1 99.7 99.2 98.798.2 97.7 ratio R410A)

TABLE 89 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 263 264 265 266 267268 269 270 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0HFO-1123 Mass % 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 R1234yf Mass %30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.329.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 COP ratio %(relative to 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.9 99.1 98.6 98.7 98.9 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 97.4 97.1 96.7 96.2 95.7 94.7 94.494.0 ratio R410A)

TABLE 90 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 271 272 273 274 275276 277 278 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 10.0 15.0HFO-1123 Mass % 10.7 5.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7 15.7 10.7 R1234yf Mass %35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.329.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP — 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 COP ratio %(relative to 99.2 99.4 99.1 99.3 99.5 99.7 99.7 99.8 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 93.6 93.2 91.5 91.3 90.9 90.6 88.488.1 ratio R410A)

TABLE 91 Ex. Ex. Comp. Comp. Item Unit 279 280 Ex. 109 Ex. 110HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 5.7 10.7 5.7 5.7R1234yf Mass % 45.0 50.0 50.0 55.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP —200 200 200 200 COP ratio % (relative 100.0 100.3 100.4 100.9 to R410A)Refrigerating % (relative 87.8 85.2 85.0 82.0 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 92 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 281 282 283 284285 111 286 287 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 10.015.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 40.9 35.9 30.9 25.9 20.9 15.9 35.9 30.9 R1234yfMass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.144.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP — 298 298 298 298 298 298 299 299 COP ratio %(relative to 97.8 97.9 97.9 98.1 98.2 98.4 98.2 98.2 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 112.5 112.3 111.9 111.6 111.2110.7 109.8 109.5 ratio R410A)

TABLE 93 Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 288 289 290 112291 292 293 294 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.025.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 25.9 20.9 15.9 10.9 30.9 25.9 20.9 15.9 R1234yfMass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.144.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP — 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 COP ratio% (relative to 98.3 98.5 98.6 98.8 98.6 98.6 98.7 98.9 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 109.2 108.8 108.4 108.0 107.0106.7 106.4 106.0 ratio R410A)

TABLE 94 Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 295 113 296 297298 299 300 301 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.010.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 10.9 5.9 25.9 20.9 15.9 10.9 5.9 20.9 R1234yf Mass% 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.144.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP — 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 COP ratio %(relative to 99.0 99.2 99.0 99.0 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.4 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 105.6 105.2 104.1 103.9 103.6103.2 102.8 101.2 ratio R410A)

TABLE 95 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit 302 303 304 305 306307 308 309 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 15.0HFO-1123 Mass % 15.9 10.9 5.9 15.9 10.9 5.9 10.9 5.9 R1234yf Mass % 25.025.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.144.1 44.1 44.1 GWP — 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 COP ratio %(relative to 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 100.0 100.3 100.4 R410A)Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 101.0 100.7 100.3 98.3 98.0 97.895.3 95.1 ratio R410A)

TABLE 96 Item Unit Ex. 400 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 5.9R1234yf Mass % 40.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 GWP — 299 COP ratio % (relative100.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 92.3 capacity ratio to R410A)

The above results indicate that the refrigerating capacity ratiorelative to R410A is 85% or more in the following cases:

When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based ontheir sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is (100-a) mass %, a straight line connecting a point (0.0,100.0−a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0−a) is the base, and the point(0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0) is on the left side, if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates(x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left sideof, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0134a²−1.9681a+68.6,0.0, −0.0134a²+0.9681a+31.4) and point B (0.0, 0.0144a²−1.6377a+58.7,−0.0144a²+0.6377a+41.3);

if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A(0.0112a²−1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, −0.0112a²+0.9337a+31.516) and point B(0.0, 0.0075a²−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a²+0.5156a+41.801);

if 18.2a<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A(0.0107a²−1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, −0.0107a²+0.9142a+31.695) and point B(0.0, 0.009a²−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a²+0.6045a+40.682);

if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A(0.0103a²−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a²+0.9225a+31.207) and point B(0.0, 0.0046a²−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a²+0.41a+42.714); and

if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A(0.0085a²−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a²+0.8102a+32.9) and point B (0.0,0.0012a²−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a²+0.1659a+47.05).

Actual points having a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more forma curved line that connects point A and point B in FIG. 3, and thatextends toward the 1234yf side. Accordingly, when coordinates are on, oron the left side of, the straight line AB, the refrigerating capacityratio relative to R410A is 85% or more.

Similarly, it was also found that in the ternary composition diagram, if0<a≤11.1, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on, or on the left side of, astraight line D′C that connects point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a²+0.968a+75.4,−0.0224a²−1.968a+24.6) and point C (−0.2304a²−0.4062a+32.9,0.2304a²−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0); or if 11.1<a≤46.7, when coordinates are inthe entire region, the COP ratio relative to that of R410A is 92.5% ormore.

In FIG. 3, the COP ratio of 92.5% or more forms a curved line CD. InFIG. 3, an approximate line formed by connecting three points: point C(32.9, 67.1, 0.0) and points (26.6, 68.4, 5) (19.5, 70.5, 10) where theCOP ratio is 92.5% when the concentration of R1234yf is 5 mass % and 10mass was obtained, and a straight line that connects point C and pointD′ (0, 75.4, 24.6), which is the intersection of the approximate lineand a point where the concentration of HFO-1132(E) is 0.0 mass % wasdefined as a line segment D′C. In FIG. 4, point D′ (0, 83.4, 9.5) wassimilarly obtained from an approximate curve formed by connecting pointC (18.4, 74.5, 0) and points (13.9, 76.5, 2.5) (8.7, 79.2, 5) where theCOP ratio is 92.5%, and a straight line that connects point C and pointD′ was defined as the straight line D′C.

The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak simulationwas performed using NIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK Version 4.0under the conditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping, Leak, and Rechargeaccording to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most flammable fractionwas defined as WCFF.

For the flammability, the burning velocity was measured according to theANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Both WCF and WCFF having a burningvelocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be classified as “Class2L (lower flammability).”

A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG.1 in the following manner. First, the mixed refrigerants used had apurity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle offreezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed onthe vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closedmethod. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition wasperformed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in thecenter of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spreadof the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindricalcontainer (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with twolight transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and axenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flamewere recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of600 fps and stored on a PC.

The results are shown in Tables 97 to 104.

TABLE 97 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.Item 6 13 19 24 29 34 WC HFO-1132(E) Mass 72.0 60.9 55.8 52.1 48.6 45.4F % HFO- Mass 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.4 33.2 32.7 1123 % R1234yf Mass 0.0 0.00.0 0 0 0 % R32 Mass 0.0 7.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9 % Burning cm/s 10 10 1010 10 10 velocity (WCF)

TABLE 98 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item 39 45 5157 62 WCF HFO- Mass 41.8 40 35.7 32 30.4 1132(E) % HFO- Mass 31.5 30.723.6 23.9 21.8 1123 % R1234yf Mass 0 0 0 0 0 % R32 Mass 26.7 29.3 36.744.1 47.8 % Burning cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 velocity (WCF)

TABLE 99 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.Item 7 14 20 25 30 35 WC HFO-1132(E) Mass 72.0 60.9 55.8 52.1 48.6 45.4F % HFO-1123 Mass 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 % R1234yf Mass 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.433.2 32.7 % R32 Mass 0.0 7.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9 % Burning velocity(WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10

TABLE 100 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 40 Ex. 46 Ex. 52 Ex. 58Ex. 63 WCF HFO- Mass 41.8 40 35.7 32 30.4 1132(E) % HFO- Mass 0 0 0 0 01123 % R1234yf Mass 31.5 30.7 23.6 23.9 21.8 % R32 Mass 26.7 29.3 36.744.1 47.8 % Burning cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 velocity (WCF)

TABLE 101 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 8 Ex. 15 Ex. 21Ex. 26 Ex. 31 Ex. 36 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 47.1 40.5 37.0 34.3 32.030.3 HFO-1123 Mass % 52.9 52.4 51.9 51.2 49.8 47.8 R1234yf Mass % 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R32 Mass % 0.0 7.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9 Leakcondition Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ thatresults Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping in WCFF−40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., 92% release, 92%release, 92% release, 92% release, 92% release, 92% release, liquidphase liquid phase liquid phase liquid phase liquid phase liquid phaseside side side side side side WCFF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 72.0 62.4 56.250.6 45.1 40.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 28.0 31.6 33.0 33.4 32.5 30.5 R1234yfMass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.4 0.0 0.0 R32 Mass % 0.0 50.9 10.8 16.0 22.4 29.5Burning velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less8 or less (WCF) Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10 (WCFF)

TABLE 102 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 41 Ex. 47 Ex. 53 Ex. 59Ex. 64 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 29.1 28.8 29.3 29.4 28.9 HFO-1123 Mass %44.2 41.9 34.0 26.5 23.3 R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R32 Mass %26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8 Leak condition Storage/ Storage/ Storage/Storage/ Storage/ that results Shipping Shipping Shipping ShippingShipping in WCFF −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., 92%release, 92% release, 92% release, 90% release, 86% release, liquidphase liquid phase liquid phase gas phase gas phase side side side sideside WCFF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 34.6 32.2 27.7 28.3 27.5 HFO-1123 Mass %26.5 23.9 17.5 18.2 16.7 R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R32 Mass %38.9 43.9 54.8 53.5 55.8 Burning velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8.39.3 9.6 (WCF) Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 (WCFF)

TABLE 103 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 9 Ex. 16 Ex. 22Ex. 27 Ex. 32 Ex. 37 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 61.7 47.0 41.0 36.5 32.528.8 HFO-1123 Mass % 5.9 7.2 6.5 5.6 4.0 2.4 R1234yf Mass % 32.4 38.741.4 43.4 45.3 46.9 R32 Mass % 0.0 7.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9 Leakcondition Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ thatresults Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping in WCFF−40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., 0% release, 0%release, 0% release, 92% release, 0% release, 0% release, gas phase gasphase gas phase liquid phase gas phase gas phase side side side sideside side WCFF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 72.0 56.2 50.4 46.0 42.4 39.1 HFO-1123Mass % 10.5 12.6 11.4 10.1 7.4 4.4 R1234yf Mass % 17.5 20.4 21.8 22.924.3 25.7 R32 Mass % 0.0 10.8 16.3 21.0 25.9 30.8 Burning velocity cm/s8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less (WCF)Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10 (WCFF)

TABLE 104 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 42 Ex. 48 Ex. 54 Ex. 60Ex. 65 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 24.8 24.3 22.5 21.1 20.4 HFO-1123 Mass %0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 48.5 46.4 40.8 34.8 31.8 R32 Mass %26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8 Leak condition Storage/ Storage/ Storage/Storage/ Storage/ that results Shipping Shipping Shipping ShippingShipping in WCFF −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., 0%release, 0% release, 0% release, 0% release, 0% release, gas phase gasphase gas phase gas phase gas phase side side side side side WCFFHFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.3 34.3 31.3 29.1 28.1 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 27.4 26.2 23.1 19.8 18.2 R32 Mass % 37.3 39.645.6 51.1 53.7 Burning velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 orless 8 or less (WCF) Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 (WCFF)

The results in Tables 97 to 100 indicate that the refrigerant has a WCFlower flammability in the following cases:

When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based ontheir sum in the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf,and R32 is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, coordinates(x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass % and a straight lineconnecting a point (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0-a)is the base, if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary compositiondiagram are on or below a straight line GI that connects point G(0.026a²−1.7478a+72.0, −0.026a²+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0) and point I(0.026a²−1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, −0.026a²+0.7478a+28.0);

if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagramare on or below a straight line GI that connects point G(0.02a²−1.6013a+71.105, −0.02a²+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0) and point I(0.02a²−1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, −0.02a²+0.6013a+28.895); if 18.2<a≤26.7,coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below astraight line GI that connects point G (0.0135a²−1.4068a+69.727,−0.0135a²+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0) and point I (0.0135a²−1.4068a+69.727,0.0, −0.0135a²+0.4068a+30.273); if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) inthe ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI thatconnects point G (0.0111a²−1.3152a+68.986, −0.0111a²+0.3152a+31.014,0.0) and point I (0.0111a²−1.3152a+68.986, 0.0,−0.0111a²+0.3152a+31.014); and if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) inthe ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI thatconnects point G (0.0061a²−0.9918a+63.902, −0.0061a²−0.0082a+36.098,0.0) and point I (0.0061a²−0.9918a+63.902, 0.0,−0.0061a²−0.0082a+36.098).

Three points corresponding to point G (Table 105) and point I (Table106) were individually obtained in each of the following five ranges bycalculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained.

TABLE 105 Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 R32 07.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 72.0 60.9 55.8 55.852.1 48.6 48.6 45.4 41.8 HFO-1123 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.1 33.4 33.2 33.232.7 31.5 R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E) 0.026a² −1.7478a + 72.0 0.02a² − 1.6013a + 71.105 0.0135a² − 1.4068a + 69.727Approximate expression HFO-1123 −0.026a² + 0.7478a + 28.0 −0.02a² +0.6013a + 28.895 −0.0135a² + 0.4068a + 30.273 Approximate expressionR1234yf 0 0 0 Approximate expression Item 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 26.7 46.7 ≥ R32 ≥36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8 HFO-1132(E) 41.8 40.0 35.7 35.732.0 30.4 HFO-1123 31.5 30.7 27.6 27.6 23.9 21.8 R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 R32a a HFO-1132(E) 0.0111a² − 1.3152a + 68.986 0.0061a² − 0.9918a + 63.902Approximate expression HFO-1123 −0.0111a² + 0.3152a + 31.014 −0.0061a² −0.0082a + 36.098 Approximate expression R1234yf 0 0 Approximateexpression

TABLE 106 Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 R32 07.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 72.0 60.9 55.8 55.852.1 48.6 48.6 45.4 41.8 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf 28.0 32.033.1 33.1 33.4 33.2 33.2 32.7 31.5 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E) 0.026a² −1.7478a + 72.0 0.02a² − 1.6013a + 71.105 0.0135a² − 1.4068a + 69.727Approximate expression HFO-1123 0 0 0 Approximate expression R1234yf−0.026a² + 0.7478a + 28.0 −0.02a² + 0.6013a + 28.895 −0.0135a² +0.4068a + 30.273 Approximate expression Item 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 26.7 46.7 ≥R32 ≥ 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8 HFO-1132(E) 41.8 40.0 35.735.7 32.0 30.4 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf 31.5 30.7 23.6 23.6 23.521.8 R32 x x HFO-1132(E) 0.0111a² − 1.3152a + 68.986 0.0061a² −0.9918a + 63.902 Approximate expression HFO-1123 0 0 Approximateexpression R1234yf −0.0111a² + 0.3152a + 31.014 −0.0061a² − 0.0082a +36.098 Approximate expression

The results in Tables 101 to 104 indicate that the refrigerant isdetermined to have a WCFF lower flammability, and the flammabilityclassification according to the ASHRAE Standard is “2L (flammability)”in the following cases: When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the mixed refrigerant ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 is respectively represented byx, y, z, and a, in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass % and a straight lineconnecting a point (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0-a)is the base, if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary compositiondiagram are on or below a straight line JK′ that connects point J(0.0049a²−0.9645a+47.1, −0.0049a²−0.0355a+52.9, 0.0) and point K′(0.0514a²−2.4353a+61.7, −0.0323a²+0.4122a+5.9, −0.0191a²+1.0231a+32.4);if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates are on a straight line JK′ that connectspoint J (0.0243a²−1.4161a+49.725, −0.0243a²+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0) andpoint K′ (0.0341a²−2.1977a+61.187, −0.0236a²+0.34a+5.636,−0.0105a²+0.8577a+33.177); if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates are on or below astraight line JK′ that connects point J (0.0246a²−1.4476a+50.184,−0.0246a²+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0) and point K′ (0.0196a²−1.7863a+58.515,−0.0079a²−0.1136a+8.702, −0.0117a²+0.8999a+32.783); if 26.7<a≤36.7,coordinates are on or below a straight line JK′ that connects point J(0.0183a²−1.1399a+46.493, −0.0183a²+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0) and point K′(−0.0051a²+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a²−1.0929a+74.05); and if36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates are on or below a straight line JK′ thatconnects point J (−0.0134a²+1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a²−2.0956a+92.87, 0.0)and point K′(−1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557).

Actual points having a WCFF lower flammability form a curved line thatconnects point J and point K′ (on the straight line AB) in FIG. 3 andextends toward the HFO-1132(E) side. Accordingly, when coordinates areon or below the straight line JK′, WCFF lower flammability is achieved.

Three points corresponding to point J (Table 107) and point K′ (Table108) were individually obtained in each of the following five ranges bycalculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained.

TABLE 107 Item 1.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 R32 07.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 47.1 40.5 37 37.034.3 32.0 32.0 30.3 29.1 HFO-1123 52.9 52.4 51.9 51.9 51.2 49.8 49.847.8 44.2 R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E) 0.0049a² −0.9645a + 47.1 0.0243a² − 1.4161a + 49.725 0.0246a² − 1.4476a + 50.184Approximate expression HFO-1123 −0.0049a² − 0.0355a + 52.9 −0.0243a² +0.4161a + 50.275 −0.0246a² + 0.4476a + 49.816 Approximate expressionR1234yf 0 0 0 Approximate expression Item 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 26.7 47.8 ≥ R32 ≥36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8 HFO-1132(E) 29.1 28.8 29.3 29.329.4 28.9 HFO-1123 44.2 41.9 34.0 34.0 26.5 23.3 R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 R32a a HFO-1132(E) 0.0183a² − 1.1399a + 46.493 −0.0134a² + 1.0956a + 7.13Approximate expression HFO-1123 −0.0183a² + 0.1399a + 53.507 0.0134a² −2.0956a + 92.87 Approximate expression R1234yf 0 0 Approximateexpression

TABLE 108 Item 1.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 R32 07.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 61.7 47.0 41.0 41.036.5 32.5 32.5 28.8 24.8 HFO-1123 5.9 7.2 6.5 6.5 5.6 4.0 4.0 2.4 0R1234yf 32.4 38.7 41.4 41.4 43.4 45.3 45.3 46.9 48.5 R32 x x xHFO-1132(E) 0.0514a2 − 2.4353a + 61.7 0.0341a2 − 2.1977a + 61.1870.0196a2 − 1.7863a + 58.515 Approximate expression HFO-1123 −0.0323a2 +0.4122a + 5.9 −0.0236a2 + 0.34a + 5.636 −0.0079a2 − 0.1136a + 8.702Approximate expression R1234yf −0.0191a2 + 1.0231a + 32.4 −0.0105a2 +0.8577a + 33.177 −0.01 17a2 + 0.8999a + 32.783 Approximate expressionItem 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 26.7 46.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.147.8 HFO-1132(E) 24.8 24.3 22.5 22.5 21.1 20.4 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0R1234yf 48.5 46.4 40.8 40.8 34.8 31.8 R32 x x HFO-1132(E) −0.0051 a2 +0.0929a + 25.95 −1.892a + 29.443 Approximate expression HFO-1123 0 0Approximate expression R1234yf 0.0051a2 − 1.0929a + 74.05 0.892a +70.557 Approximate expression

FIGS. 3 to 13 show compositions whose R32 content a (mass %) is 0 mass%, 7.1 mass %, 11.1 mass %, 14.5 mass %, 18.2 mass %, 21.9 mass %, 26.7mass %, 29.3 mass %, 36.7 mass %, 44.1 mass %, and 47.8 mass %,respectively.

Points A, B, C, and D′ were obtained in the following manner accordingto approximate calculation.

Point A is a point where the content of HFO-1123 is 0 mass %, and arefrigerating capacity ratio of 85% relative to that of R410A isachieved. Three points corresponding to point A were obtained in each ofthe following five ranges by calculation, and their approximateexpressions were obtained (Table 109).

TABLE 109 Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 R32 07.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 68.6 55.3 48.4 48.442.8 37 37 31.5 24.8 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf 31.4 37.6 40.540.5 42.7 44.8 44.8 46.6 48.5 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E) 0.0134a2 − 1.9681a +68.6 0.0112a2 − 1.9337a + 68.484 0.0107a2 − 1.9142a + 68.305 Approximateexpression HFO-1123 0 0 0 Approximate expression R1234yf −0.0134a2 +0.9681a + 31.4 −0.0112a2 + 0.9337a + 31.516 −0.0107a2 + 0.9142a + 31.695Approximate expression Item 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 26.7 46.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 36.7 R32 26.729.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8 HFO-1132(E) 24.8 21.3 12.1 12.1 3.8 0 HFO-11230 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf 48.5 49.4 51.2 51.2 52.1 52.2 R32 a a HFO-1132(E)0.0103a2 − 1.9225a + 68.793 0.0085a2 − 1.8102a + 67.1 Approximateexpression HFO-1123 0 0 Approximate expression R1234yf −0.0103a2 +0.9225a + 31..207 −0.0085a2 + 0.8102a + 32.9 Approximate expression

Point B is a point where the content of HFO-1132(E) is 0 mass %, and arefrigerating capacity ratio of 85% relative to that of R410A isachieved.

Three points corresponding to point B were obtained in each of thefollowing five ranges by calculation, and their approximate expressionswere obtained (Table 110).

TABLE 110 Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 R32 07.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0HFO-1123 58.7 47.8 42.3 42.3 37.8 33.1 33.1 28.5 22.9 R1234yf 41.3 45.146.6 46.6 47.7 48.7 48.7 49.6 50.4 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E) 0 0 0Approximate expression HFO-1123 0.0144a2 − 1.6377a + 58.7 0.0075a2 −1.5156a + 58.199 0.009a2 − 1.6045a + 59.318 Approximate expressionR1234yf −0.0144a2 + 0.6377a + 41.3 −0.0075a2 + 0.5156a + 41.801−0.009a2 + 0.6045a + 40.682 Approximate expression Item 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥26.7 46.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8 HFO-1132(E) 0 00 0 0 0 HFO-1123 22.9 19.9 11.7 11.8 3.9 0 R1234yf 50.4 50.8 51.6 51.552.0 52.2 R32 a a HFO-1132(E) 0 0 Approximate expression HFO-11230.0046a2 − 1.41a + 57.286 0.0012a2 − 1.1659a + 52.95 Approximateexpression R1234yf −0.0046a2 + 0.41a + 42.714 −0.0012a2 + 0.1659a +47.05 Approximate expression

Point D′ is a point where the content of HFO-1132(E) is 0 mass %, and aCOP ratio of 95.5% relative to that of R410A is achieved.

Three points corresponding to point D′ were obtained in each of thefollowing by calculation, and their approximate expressions wereobtained (Table 111).

TABLE 111 Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 R32 0 7.1 11.1 HFO-1132(E) 0 0 0 HFO-112375.4 83.4 88.9 R1234yf 24.6 9.5 0 R32 a HFO-1132(E) 0 Approximateexpression HFO-1123  0.0224a² + 0.968a + 75.4 Approximate expressionR1234yf −0.0224a² − 1.968a + 24.6 Approximate expression

Point C is a point where the content of R1234yf is 0 mass %, and a COPratio of 95.5% relative to that of R410A is achieved.

Three points corresponding to point C were obtained in each of thefollowing by calculation, and their approximate expressions wereobtained (Table 112).

TABLE 112 Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 R32 0 7.1 11.1 HFO-1132(E) 32.9 18.4 0HFO-1123 67.1 74.5 88.9 R1234yf 0 0 0 R32 a HFO-1132(E) −0.2304a² −0.4062a + 32.9 Approximate expression HFO-1123  0.2304a² − 0.5938a +67.1 Approximate expression R1234yf 0 Approximate expression

(5-4) Refrigerant D

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is a mixedrefrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has variousproperties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant; i.e.,a refrigerating capacity equivalent to that of R410A, a sufficiently lowGWP, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAEstandard.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments IJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect the following 4 points:

point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), andpoint E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI);

the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates(0.0236y²−1.7616y+72.0, y, −0.0236y²+0.7616y+28.0);

the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y²−1.9003y+58.3,y, −0.012y²+0.9003y+41.7); and

the line segments JN and E are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, aGWP of 125 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments MM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that connect the following 5points:

point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4),point M′ (39.2, 5.0, 55.8),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1),point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), andpoint G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);

the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y²−3.34y+52.6,y, −0.132y²+2.34y+47.4);

the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates(0.0596y²−2.2541y+48.98, y, −0.0596y²+1.2541y+51.02);

the line segment VG is represented by coordinates(0.0123y²−1.8033y+39.6, y, −0.0123y²+0.8033y+60.4); and

the line segments NV and GM are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas a refrigerating capacity ratio of 70% or more relative to R410A, aGWP of 125 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments ON, NU, and UO that connect the following 3 points:

point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), andpoint U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),or on these line segments;

the line segment ON is represented by coordinates(0.0072y²−0.6701y+37.512, y, −0.0072y²−0.3299y+62.488);

the line segment NU is represented by coordinates(0.0083y²−1.7403y+56.635, y, −0.0083y²+0.7403y+43.365); and

the line segment UO is a straight line. When the requirements above aresatisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has arefrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of250 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5points:

point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4),point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7),point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), andpoint K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6),or on these line segments;

the line segment QR is represented by coordinates(0.0099y²−1.975y+84.765, y, −0.0099y²+0.975y+15.235);

the line segment RT is represented by coordinates(0.0082y²−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y²+0.8683y+16.874);

the line segment LK is represented by coordinates(0.0049y²−0.8842y+61.488, y, −0.0049y²−0.1158y+38.512);

the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates(0.0095y²−1.2222y+67.676, y, −0.0095y²+0.2222y+32.324); and

the line segment TL is a straight line. When the requirements above aresatisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has arefrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to R410A, a GWPof 350 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:

point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8),point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), andpoint T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),or on these line segments;

the line segment PS is represented by coordinates(0.0064y²−0.7103y+40.1, y, −0.0064y²−0.2897y+59.9);

the line segment ST is represented by coordinates(0.0082y²−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y²+0.8683y+16.874); and

the line segment TP is a straight line. When the requirements above aresatisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has arefrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to R410A, a GWPof 350 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments ac, cf, fd, and da that connect the following 4 points:

point a (71.1, 0.0, 28.9),point c (36.5, 18.2, 45.3),point f (47.6, 18.3, 34.1), andpoint d (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),or on these line segments;

the line segment ac is represented by coordinates(0.0181y²−2.2288y+71.096, y, −0.0181y²+1.2288y+28.904);

the line segment fd is represented by coordinates (0.02y²−1.7y+72, y,−0.02y²+0.7y+28); and

the line segments cf and da are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to R410A, aGWP of 125 or less, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to theASHRAE standard.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments ab, be, ed, and da that connect the following 4 points:

point a (71.1, 0.0, 28.9),point b (42.6, 14.5, 42.9),point e (51.4, 14.6, 34.0), andpoint d (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),or on these line segments;

the line segment ab is represented by coordinates(0.0181y²−2.2288y+71.096, y, −0.0181y²+1.2288y+28.904);

the line segment ed is represented by coordinates (0.02y−1.7y+72, y,−0.02y²+0.7y+28); and

the line segments be and da are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to R410A, aGWP of 100 or less, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to theASHRAE standard.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments gi, ij, and jg that connect the following 3 points:

point g (77.5, 6.9, 15.6),point i (55.1, 18.3, 26.6), andpoint j (77.5. 18.4, 4.1),or on these line segments;

the line segment gi is represented by coordinates(0.02y²−2.4583y+93.396, y, −0.02y²+1.4583y+6.604); and

the line segments ij and jg are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to R410A anda GWP of 100 or less, undergoes fewer or no changes such aspolymerization or decomposition, and also has excellent stability.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments gh, hk, and kg that connect the following 3 points:

point g (77.5, 6.9, 15.6),point h (61.8, 14.6, 23.6), andpoint k (77.5, 14.6, 7.9),or on these line segments;

the line segment gh is represented by coordinates(0.02y²−2.4583y+93.396, y, −0.02y²+1.4583y+6.604); and

the line segments hk and kg are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to R410A anda GWP of 100 or less, undergoes fewer or no changes such aspolymerization or decomposition, and also has excellent stability.

The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure may furthercomprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E), R32,and R1234yf, as long as the above properties and effects are notimpaired. In this respect, the refrigerant according to the presentdisclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf in a totalamount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, andstill more preferably 99.9 mass % or more based on the entirerefrigerant.

Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be selected from awide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant may comprise a singleadditional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.

Examples of Refrigerant D

The present disclosure is described in more detail below with referenceto Examples of refrigerant D. However, the refrigerant D is not limitedto the Examples.

The composition of each mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), R32, andR1234yf was defined as WCF. A leak simulation was performed using theNIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK Version 4.0 under theconditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping, Leak, and Recharge accordingto the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most flammable fraction was definedas WCFF.

A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG.1 in the following manner. First, the mixed refrigerants used had apurity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle offreezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed onthe vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closedmethod. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition wasperformed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in thecenter of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spreadof the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindricalcontainer (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with twolight transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and axenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flamewere recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of600 fps and stored on a PC. Tables 113 to 115 show the results.

TABLE 113 Comparative Example Example Example Example 13 Example 12Example 14 Example 16 Item Unit I 11 J 13 K 15 L WCF HFO- Mass % 72 57.248.5 41.2 35.6 32 28.9 1132(E) R32 Mass % 0 10 18.3 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.7R1234yf Mass % 28 32.8 33.2 31.2 27.6 23.8 19.4 Burning Velocity cm/s 1010 10 10 10 10 10 (WCF)

TABLE 114 Comparative Example Example Example 14 Example 19 Example 21Example Item Unit M 18 W 20 N 22 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 52.6 39.2 32.429.3 27.7 24.6 R32 Mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0 14.5 18.2 27.6 R1234yf Mass %47.4 55.8 57.6 56.2 54.1 47.8 Leak condition Storage, Storage, Storage,Storage, Storage, Storage, that results Shipping, Shipping, Shipping,Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, in WCFF −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40°C., −40° C., −40° C., 0% release, 0% release, 0% release, 0% release, 0%release, 0% release, on the gas on the gas on the gas on the gas on thegas on the gas phase side phase side phase side phase side phase sidephase side WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 72.0 57.8 48.7 43.6 40.6 34.9 R32 Mass% 0.0 9.5 17.9 24.2 28.7 38.1 R1234yf Mass % 28.0 32.7 33.4 32.2 30.727.0 Burning Velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 orless 8 or less (WCF) Burning Velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10 (WCFF)

TABLE 115 Example Example 23 Example 25 Item Unit O 24 P WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 22.6 21.2 20.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 36.8 44.2 51.7 R1234yf Mass %40.6 34.6 27.8 Leak condition that results Storage, Storage, Storage, inWCFF Shipping, −40° C., Shipping, −40° C., Shipping, −40° C., 0%release, 0% release, 0% release, on the gas on the gas on the gas phaseside phase side phase side WCFF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 31.4 29.2 27.1HFO-1123 Mass % 45.7 51.1 56.4 R1234yf Mass % 23.0 19.7 16.5 BurningVelocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less (WCF) Burning Velocity cm/s10   10   10   (WCFF)

The results indicate that under the condition that the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternarycomposition diagram shown in FIG. 14 in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are on the line segment that connectspoint I, point J, point K, and point L, or below these line segments,the refrigerant has a WCF lower flammability.

The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternarycomposition diagram shown in FIG. 14 are on the line segments thatconnect point M, point M′, point W, point J, point N, and point P, orbelow these line segments, the refrigerant has an ASHRAE lowerflammability.

Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yfin amounts (mass %) shown in Tables 116 to 144 based on the sum ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. The coefficient of performance (COP)ratio and the refrigerating capacity ratio relative to R410 of the mixedrefrigerants shown in Tables 116 to 144 were determined. The conditionsfor calculation were as described below.

Evaporating temperature: 5° C.

Condensation temperature: 45° C.

Degree of superheating: 5 K

Degree of subcooling: 5 K

Compressor efficiency: 70%

Tables 116 to 144 show these values together with the GWP of each mixedrefrigerant.

TABLE 116 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example6 Example 7 Item Unit Example 1 A B A′ B′ A″ B″ HFO-1132(E) Mass % R410A81.6 0.0 63.1 0.0 48.2 0.0 R32 Mass % 18.4 18.1 36.9 36.7 51.8 51.5R1234yf Mass % 0.0 81.9 0.0 63.3 0.0 48.5 GWP — 2088 125 125 250 250 350350 COP Ratio % (relative to 100 98.7 103.6 98.7 102.3 99.2 102.2 R410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 100 105.3 62.5 109.9 77.5 112.1 87.3Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 117 Comparative Comparative Example 8 Comparative Example 10Example 2 Example 4 Item Unit C Example 9 C′ Example 1 R Example 3 THFO-1132(E) Mass % 85.5 66.1 52.1 37.8 25.5 16.6 8.6 R32 Mass % 0.0 10.018.2 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.6 R1234yf Mass % 14.5 23.9 29.7 34.6 37.7 39.239.8 GWP — 1 69 125 188 250 300 350 COP Ratio % (relative to 99.8 99.399.3 99.6 100.2 100.8 101.4 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 92.592.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 118 Comparative Comparative Example 11 Example 6 Example 8 Example12 Example 10 Item Unit E Example 5 N Example 7 U G Example 9 VHFO-1132(E) Mass % 58.3 40.5 27.7 14.9 3.9 39.6 22.8 11.0 R32 Mass % 0.010.0 18.2 27.6 36.7 0.0 10.0 18.1 R1234yf Mass % 41.7 49.5 54.1 57.559.4 60.4 67.2 70.9 GWP — 2 70 125 189 250 3 70 125 COP Ratio %(relative to 100.3 100.3 100.7 101.2 101.9 101.4 101.8 102.3 R410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 70.0 70.0 70.0Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 119 Comparative Example 13 Example 12 Example 14 Example 16Example 17 Item Unit I Example 11 J Example 13 K Example 15 L QHFO-1132(E) Mass % 72.0 57.2 48.5 41.2 35.6 32.0 28.9 44.6 R32 Mass %0.0 10.0 18.3 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.7 23.0 R1234yf Mass % 28.0 32.8 33.231.2 27.6 23.8 19.4 32.4 GWP — 2 69 125 188 250 300 350 157 COP Ratio %(relative to R410A) 99.9 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.8 100.1 99.4Refrigerating % (relative to 86.6 88.4 90.9 94.2 97.7 100.5 103.3 92.5Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 120 Comparative Example 14 Example 19 Example 21 Item Unit MExample 18 W Example 20 N Example 22 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 52.6 39.2 32.429.3 27.7 24.5 R32 Mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0 14.5 18.2 27.6 R1234yf Mass %47.4 55.8 57.6 56.2 54.1 47.9 GWP — 2 36 70 100 125 188 COP Ratio %(relative to 100.5 100.9 100.9 100.8 100.7 100.4 R410A) Refigerating %(relative to 77.1 74.8 75.6 77.8 80.0 85.5 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 121 Example Example Example 23 Example 25 26 Item Unit O 24 P SHFO-1132(E) Mass % 22.6 21.2 20.5 21.9 R32 Mass % 36.8 44.2 51.7 39.7R1234yf Mass % 40.6 34.6 27.8 38.4 GWP — 250 300 350 270 COP Ratio %(relative 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative91.0 95.0 99.1 92.5 Capacity Ratio to R410A)

TABLE 122 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Item Unit Example 15 Example 16 Example 17 Example 18Example 27 Example 28 Example 19 Example 20 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.030.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 R32 Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0R1234yf Mass % 85.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 GWP — 37 37 37 3636 36 35 35 COP Ratio % (relative to 103.4 102.6 101.6 100.8 100.2 99.899.6 99.4 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 56.4 63.3 69.5 75.2 80.585.4 90.1 94.4 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 123 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Item Unit Example 21 Example 22 Example 29 Example 23Example 30 Example 24 Example 25 Example 26 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.030.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 R32 Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.010.0 10.0 R1234yf Mass % 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 GWP —71 71 70 70 70 69 69 69 COP Ratio % (relative to 103.1 102.1 101.1 100.499.8 99.5 99.2 99.1 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 61.8 68.3 74.379.7 84.9 89.7 94.2 98.4 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 124 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeItem Unit Example 27 Example 31 Example 28 Example 32 Example 33 Example29 Example 30 Example 31 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.060.0 70.0 80.0 R32 Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0R1234yf Mass % 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 GWP — 104 104 104103 103 103 103 102 COP Ratio % (relative to 102.7 101.6 100.7 100.099.5 99.2 99.0 98.9 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 66.6 72.9 78.684.0 89.0 93.7 98.1 102.2 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 125 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example 32 Example 33Example 34 Example 35 Example 36 Example 37 Example 38 Example 39HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0 R32 Mass %20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 R1234yf Mass % 70.0 60.0 50.040.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 65.0 GWP — 138 138 137 137 137 136 136 171 COP Ratio% (relative to 102.3 101.2 100.4 99.7 99.3 99.0 98.8 101.9 R410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 71.0 77.1 82.7 88.0 92.9 97.5 101.7 75.0Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 126 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Item Unit Example 34 Example 40 Example 41 Example 42Example 43 Example 44 Example 45 Example 35 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 30.040.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.030.0 30.0 R1234yf Mass % 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 60.0 50.0 GWP —171 171 171 170 170 170 205 205 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.9 100.199.6 99.2 98.9 98.7 101.6 100.7 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 81.086.6 91.7 96.5 101.0 105.2 78.9 84.8 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 127 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeItem Unit Example 46 Example 47 Example 48 Example 49 Example 36 Example37 Example 38 Example 50 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 10.020.0 30.0 40.0 R32 Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0R1234yf Mass % 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 GWP — 204 204 204204 239 238 238 238 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.0 99.5 99.1 98.8 101.4100.6 99.9 99.4 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 90.2 95.3 100.0104.4 82.5 88.3 93.7 98.6 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 128 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Item Unit Example 51 Example 52 Example 53Example 54 Example 39 Example 55 Example 56 Example 57 HFO-1132(E) Mass% 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.040.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 R1234yf Mass % 15.0 5.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.045.0 GWP — 237 237 272 272 272 271 271 306 COP Ratio % (relative to 99.098.8 101.3 100.6 99.9 99.4 99.0 101.3 R410A) Refrigerating % (relativeto 103.2 107.5 86.0 91.7 96.9 101.8 106.3 89.3 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 129 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeItem Unit Example 40 Example 41 Example 58 Example 59 Example 60 Example42 Example 61 Example 62 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 10.020.0 30.0 40.0 R32 Mass % 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0R1234yf Mass % 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 GWP — 305 305 305304 339 339 339 338 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.6 100.0 99.5 99.1 101.3100.6 100.0 99.5 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 94.9 100.0 104.7109.2 92.4 97.8 102.9 107.5 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 130 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Item UnitExample 63 Example 64 Example 65 Example 66 Example 43 Example 44Example 45 Example 46 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 56.0 59.062.0 65.0 R32 Mass % 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 R1234yf Mass %35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 41.0 38.0 35.0 32.0 GWP — 373 372 372 372 22 22 22 22COP Ratio % (relative to 101.4 100.7 100.1 99.6 100.1 100.0 99.9 99.8R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 95.3 100.6 105.6 110.2 81.7 83.284.6 86.0 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 131 Item Unit Example 47 Example 48 Example 49 Example 50 Example51 Example 52 Example 53 Example 54 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 49.0 52.0 55.058.0 61.0 43.0 46.0 49.0 R32 Mass % 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0R1234yf Mass % 45.0 42.0 39.0 36.0 33.0 48.0 45.0 42.0 GWP — 43 43 43 4342 63 63 63 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.2 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.7 100.3100.1 99.9 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 80.9 82.4 83.9 85.4 86.880.4 82.0 83.5 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 132 Item Unit Example 55 Example 56 Example 57 Example 58 Example59 Example 60 Example 61 Example 62 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 52.0 55.0 58.038.0 41.0 44.0 47.0 50.0 R32 Mass % 9.0 9.0 9.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0R1234yf Mass % 39.0 36.0 33.0 50.0 47.0 44.0 41.0 38.0 GWP — 63 63 63 8383 83 83 83 COP Ratio % (relative to 99.8 99.7 99.6 100.3 100.1 100.099.8 99.7 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 86.5 87.9 80.4 82.083.5 85.1 86.6 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 133 Item Unit Example 63 Example 64 Example 65 Example 66 Example67 Example 68 Example 69 Example 70 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 53.0 33.0 36.039.0 42.0 45.0 48.0 51.0 R32 Mass % 12.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.015.0 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 52.0 49.0 46.0 43.0 40.0 37.0 34.0 GWP — 83 104104 103 103 103 103 103 COP Ratio % (relative to 99.6 100.5 100.3 100.199.9 99.7 99.6 99.5 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 88.0 80.3 81.983.5 85.0 86.5 88.0 89.5 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 134 Item Unit Example 71 Example 72 Example 73 Example 74 Example75 Example 76 Example 77 Example 78 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 29.0 32.0 35.038.0 41.0 44.0 47.0 36.0 R32 Mass % 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.03.0 R1234yf Mass % 53.0 50.0 47.0 44.0 41.0 38.0 35.0 61.0 GWP — 124 124124 124 124 123 123 23 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.6 100.3 100.1 99.999.8 99.6 99.5 101.3 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 80.6 82.2 83.885.4 86.9 88.4 89.9 71.0 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 135 Item Unit Example 79 Example 80 Example 81 Example 82 Example83 Example 84 Example 85 Example 86 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 39.0 42.0 30.033.0 36.0 26.0 29.0 32.0 R32 Mass % 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0R1234yf Mass % 58.0 55.0 64.0 61.0 58.0 65.0 62.0 59.0 GWP — 23 23 43 4343 64 64 63 COP Ratio % (relative to 101.1 100.9 101.5 101.3 101.0 101.6101.3 101.1 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 72.7 74.4 70.5 72.2 73.971.0 72.8 74.5 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 136 Item Unit Example 87 Example 88 Example 89 Example 90 Example91 Example 92 Example 93 Example 94 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.0 24.0 27.030.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 15.0 15.0 15.015.0 R1234yf Mass % 67.0 64.0 61.0 58.0 69.0 66.0 63.0 60.0 GWP — 84 8484 84 104 104 104 104 COP Ratio % (relative to 101.8 101.5 101.2 101.0102.1 101.8 101.4 101.2 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 70.8 72.674.3 76.0 70.4 72.3 74.0 75.8 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 137 Item Unit Example 95 Example 96 Example 97 Example 98 Example99 Example 100 Example 101 Example 102 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 28.0 12.0 15.018.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 15.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.021.0 R1234yf Mass % 57.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 61.0 58.0 55.0 54.0 GWP — 104124 124 124 124 124 124 144 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.9 102.2 101.9101.6 101.3 101.0 100.7 100.7 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 77.570.5 72.4 74.2 76.0 77.7 79.4 80.7 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 138 Item Unit Example 103 Example 104 Example 105 Example 106Example 107 Example 108 Example 109 Example 110 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.024.0 17.0 20.0 23.0 13.0 16.0 19.0 R32 Mass % 24.0 24.0 27.0 27.0 27.030.0 30.0 30.0 R1234yf Mass % 55.0 52.0 56.0 53.0 50.0 57.0 54.0 51.0GWP — 164 164 185 185 184 205 205 205 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.9100.6 101.1 100.8 100.6 101.3 101.0 100.8 R410A) Refrigerating %(relative to 80.8 82.5 80.8 82.5 84.2 80.7 82.5 84.2 Capacity RatioR410A)

TABLE 139 Item Unit Example 111 Example 112 Example 113 Example 114Example 115 Example 116 Example 117 Example 118 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 22.09.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 8.0 12.0 R32 Mass % 30.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.033.0 36.0 36.0 R1234yf Mass % 48.0 58.0 55.0 52.0 49.0 46.0 56.0 52.0GWP — 205 225 225 225 225 225 245 245 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.5101.6 101.3 101.0 100.8 100.5 101.6 101.2 R410A) Refrigerating %(relative to 85.9 80.5 82.3 84.1 85.8 87.5 82.0 84.4 Capacity RatioR410A)

TABLE 140 Item UnIt Example 119 Example 120 Example 121 Example 122Example 123 Example 124 Example 125 Example 126 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.018.0 21.0 42.0 39.0 34.0 37.0 30.0 R32 Mass % 36.0 36.0 36.0 25.0 28.031.0 31.0 34.0 R1234yf Mass % 49.0 46.0 43.0 33.0 33.0 35.0 32.0 36.0GWP — 245 245 245 170 191 211 211 231 COP Ratio % (relative to 101.0100.7 100.5 99.5 99.5 99.8 99.6 99.9 R410A) Refrgerating % (relative to86.2 87.9 89.6 92.7 93.4 93.0 94.5 93.0 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 141 Item Unit Example 127 Example 128 Example 129 Example 130Example 131 Example 132 Example 133 Example 134 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 33.036.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 23.0 26.0 R32 Mass % 34.0 34.0 37.0 37.0 37.037.0 40.0 40.0 R1234yf Mass % 33.0 30.0 39.0 36.0 33.0 30.0 37.0 34.0GWP — 231 231 252 251 251 251 272 272 COP Ratio % (relative to 99.8 99.6100.3 100.1 99.9 99.8 100.4 100.2 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to94.5 96.0 91.9 93.4 95.0 96.5 93.3 94.9 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 142 Item Unit Example 135 Example 136 Example 137 Example 138Example 139 Example 140 Example 141 Example 142 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 29.032.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 31.0 18.0 R32 Mass % 40.0 40.0 43.0 43.0 43.043.0 43.0 46.0 R1234yf Mass % 31.0 28.0 38.0 35.0 32.0 29.0 26.0 36.0GWP — 272 271 292 292 292 292 292 312 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.099.8 100.6 100.4 100.2 100.1 99.9 100.7 R410A) Refrigerating % (relativeto 96.4 97.9 93.1 94.7 96.2 97.8 99.3 94.4 Capacity Ratio R410A)

TABLE 143 Item Unit Example 143 Example 144 Example 145 Example 146Example 147 Example 148 Example 149 Example 150 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.023.0 26.0 29.0 13.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 R32 Mass % 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 49.049.0 49.0 49.0 R1234yf Mass % 33.0 31.0 28.0 25.0 38.0 35.0 32.0 29.0GWP — 312 312 312 312 332 332 332 332 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.5100.4 100.2 100.0 101.1 100.9 100.7 100.5 R410A) Refrigerating %(relative to 96.0 97.0 98.6 100.1 93.5 95.1 96.7 98.3 Capacity RatioR410A)

TABLE 144 Item Unit Example 151 Example 152 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 28.0R32 Mass % 49.0 49.0 R1234yf Mass % 26.0 23.0 GWP — 332 332 COP Ratio %(relative 100.3 100.1 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 99.8 101.3Capacity Ratio to R410A)

The results also indicate that under the condition that the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segmentsIJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect the following 4 points:

point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), andpoint E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI),

the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates(0.0236y²−1.7616y+72.0, y, −0.0236y²+0.7616y+28.0),

the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y−1.9003y+58.3,y, −0.012y²+0.9003y+41.7), and

the line segments JN and EI are straight lines, the refrigerant D has arefrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of125 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.

The results also indicate that under the condition that the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segmentsMM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that connect the following 5 points:

point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4),point M′ (39.2, 5.0, 55.8),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1),point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), andpoint G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM),

the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y²−3.34y+52.6,y, −0.132y²+2.34y+47.4),

the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates(0.0596y²−2.2541y+48.98, y, −0.0596y²+1.2541y+51.02),

the line segment VG is represented by coordinates(0.0123y²−1.8033y+39.6, y, −0.0123y²+0.8033y+60.4), and

the line segments NV and GM are straight lines, the refrigerant Daccording to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratioof 70% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and an ASHRAElower flammability.

The results also indicate that under the condition that the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segmentsON, NU, and UO that connect the following 3 points:

point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6),point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), andpoint U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),or on these line segments,

the line segment ON is represented by coordinates(0.0072y²−0.6701y+37.512, y, −0.0072y²−0.3299y+62.488),

the line segment NU is represented by coordinates(0.0083y²−1.7403y+56.635, y, −0.0083y²+0.7403y+43.365), and

the line segment UO is a straight line, the refrigerant D according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or morerelative to R410A, a GWP of 250 or less, and an ASHRAE lowerflammability.

The results also indicate that under the condition that the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segmentsQR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5 points:

point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4),point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7),point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), andpoint K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6),or on these line segments,

the line segment QR is represented by coordinates(0.0099y²−1.975y+84.765, y, −0.0099y²+0.975y+15.235),

the line segment RT is represented by coordinates(0.0082y²−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y²+0.8683y+16.874),

the line segment LK is represented by coordinates(0.0049y²−0.8842y+61.488, y, −0.0049y²−0.1158y+38.512),

the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates(0.0095y²−1.2222y+67.676, y, −0.0095y²+0.2222y+32.324), and

the line segment TL is a straight line, the refrigerant D according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% ormore relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and a WCF lowerflammability.

The results further indicate that under the condition that the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segmentsPS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:

point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8),point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), andpoint T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),or on these line segments,

the line segment PS is represented by coordinates(0.0064y²−0.7103y+40.1, y, −0.0064y²−0.2897y+59.9),

the line segment ST is represented by coordinates(0.0082y²−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y²+0.8683y+16.874), and

the line segment TP is a straight line, the refrigerant D according tothe present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% ormore relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and an ASHRAE lowerflammability.

(5-5) Refrigerant E

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is a mixedrefrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32).

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure has variousproperties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant, i.e.,a coefficient of performance equivalent to that of R410A and asufficiently low GWP.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments IK, KB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GI that connect the following 6points:

point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4),point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4),point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), andpoint G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′Hand GI);

the line segment IK is represented by coordinates(0.025z²−1.7429z+72.00, −0.025z²+0.7429z+28.0, z),

the line segment HR is represented by coordinates(−0.3123z²+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z²−5.234z+88.94, z),

the line segment RG is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and

the line segments KB′ and GI are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas WCF lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93% or more relative to thatof R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments J, JR, RG, and GI that connect the following 4 points:

point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),point J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5),point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), andpoint G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GI);

the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates (0.025z²−1.7429z+72.0,−0.025z²+0.7429z+28.0, z),

the line segment RG is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and

the line segments JR and GI are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas WCF lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93% or more relative to thatof R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments MP, PB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GM that connect the following 6points:

point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4),point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), andpoint G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′Hand GM);

the line segment MP is represented by coordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1,−0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z),

the line segment HR is represented by coordinates(−0.3123z²+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z²−5.234z+88.94, z),

the line segment RG is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and

the line segments PB′ and GM are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93% or more relative tothat of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments MN, NR, RG, and GM that connect the following 4 points:

point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point N (38.5, 52.1, 9.5),point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), andpoint G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);

the line segment MN is represented by coordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1,−0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z),

the line segment RG is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z),

the line segments NR and GM are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93% or more relative tothat of R410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:

point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),point S (25.4, 56.2, 18.4), andpoint T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2),or on these line segments;

the line segment ST is represented by coordinates(−0.0982z²+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z²−1.9622z+59.069, z),

the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1,−0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z), and

the line segment PS is a straight line. When the requirements above aresatisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure hasASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of 94.5% or more relative to thatof R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments QB″, B″D, DU, and UQ that connect the following 4 points:

point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0),point B″ (0.0, 63.0, 37.0),point D (0.0, 67.0, 33.0), andpoint U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1),or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentB″D);

the line segment DU is represented by coordinates(−3.4962z²+210.71z−3146.1, 3.4962z²−211.71z+3246.1, z),

the line segment UQ is represented by coordinates(0.0135z²−0.9181z+44.133, −0.0135z²−0.0819z+55.867, z), and

the line segments QB″ and B″D are straight lines. When the requirementsabove are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosurehas ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of 96% or more relative tothat of R410A, and a GWP of 250 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments Oc′, c′d′, d′e′, e′a′, and a′O that connect the following5 points:

point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),point c′ (56.7, 43.3, 0.0),point d′ (52.2, 38.3, 9.5),point e′ (41.8, 39.8, 18.4), andpoint a′ (81.6, 0.0, 18.4),or on the line segments c′d′, d′e′, and e′a′ (excluding the points c′and a′);

the line segment c′d′ is represented by coordinates(−0.0297z²−0.1915z+56.7, 0.0297z²+1.1915z+43.3, z),

the line segment d′e′ is represented by coordinates(−0.0535z²+0.3229z+53.957, 0.0535z²+0.6771z+46.043, z), and

the line segments Oc′, e′a′, and a′O are straight lines. When therequirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to thepresent disclosure has a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that ofR410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments Oc, cd, de, ea′, and a′O that connect the following 5points:

point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),point c (77.7, 22.3, 0.0),point d (76.3, 14.2, 9.5),point e (72.2, 9.4, 18.4), andpoint a′ (81.6, 0.0, 18.4),or on the line segments cd, de, and ea′ (excluding the points c and a′);

the line segment cde is represented by coordinates(−0.017z²+0.0148z+77.684, 0.017z²+0.9852z+22.316, z), and

the line segments Oc, ea′, and a′O are straight lines. When therequirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to thepresent disclosure has a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that ofR410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments Oc′, c′d′, d′a, and aO that connect the following 5points:

point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),point c′ (56.7, 43.3, 0.0),point d′ (52.2, 38.3, 9.5), andpoint a (90.5, 0.0, 9.5),or on the line segments c′d′ and d′a (excluding the points c′ and a);

the line segment c′d′ is represented by coordinates(−0.0297z²−0.1915z+56.7, 0.0297z²+1.1915z+43.3, z), and

the line segments Oc′, d′a, and aO are straight lines. When therequirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to thepresent disclosure has a COP ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that ofR410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably arefrigerant wherein

when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments Oc, cd, da, and aO that connect the following 4 points:

point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),point c (77.7, 22.3, 0.0),point d (76.3, 14.2, 9.5), andpoint a (90.5, 0.0, 9.5),or on the line segments cd and da (excluding the points c and a);

the line segment cd is represented by coordinates(−0.017z²+0.0148z+77.684, 0.017z²+0.9852z+22.316, z), and

the line segments Oc, da, and aO are straight lines. When therequirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to thepresent disclosure has a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that ofR410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.

The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure may furthercomprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R32, as long as the above properties and effects are notimpaired. In this respect, the refrigerant according to the presentdisclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 in atotal amount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % ormore, and even more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entirerefrigerant.

Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be selected from awide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant may comprise a singleadditional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.

Examples of Refrigerant E

The present disclosure is described in more detail below with referenceto Examples of refrigerant E. However, the refrigerant E is not limitedto the Examples.

Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR32 at mass % based on their sum shown in Tables 145 and 146.

The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak simulationwas performed using National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)Standard Reference Data Base Refleak Version 4.0 under the conditionsfor equipment, storage, shipping, leak, and recharge according to theASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most flammable fraction was defined asWCFF.

For each mixed refrigerant, the burning velocity was measured accordingto the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. When the burning velocities of theWCF composition and the WCFF composition are 10 cm/s or less, theflammability of such a refrigerant is classified as Class 2L (lowerflammability) in the ASHRAE flammability classification.

A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG.1 in the following manner. First, the mixed refrigerants used had apurity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle offreezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed onthe vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closedmethod. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition wasperformed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in thecenter of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spreadof the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindricalcontainer (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with twolight transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and axenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flamewere recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of600 fps and stored on a PC.

Tables 145 and 146 show the results.

TABLE 145 Item Unit I J K L WCF HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 57.7 48.4 35.5HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 32.8 33.2 27.5 R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 18.4 37.0 Burningvelocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10

TABLE 146 Item Unit M N T P U Q WCF HFO- mass 47.1 38.5 34.8 31.8 28.728.6 1132(E) % HFO-1123 mass 52.9 52.1 51.0 49.8 41.2 34.4 % R32 mass0.0 9.5 14.2 18.4 30.1 37.0 % Leak condition that Storage, Storage,Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage, results in WCFF Shipping, Shipping,Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40°C., −40° C., −40° C., 92%, 92%, 92%, 92%, 92%, 92%, release, release,release, release, release, release, on the liquid on the liquid on theliquid on the on the on the liquid phase side phase side phase sideliquid liquid phase side phase side phase side WCFF HFO- mass 72.0 58.951.5 44.6 31.4 27.1 1132(E) % HFO-1123 mass 28.0 32.4 33.1 32.6 23.218.3 % R32 mass 0.0 8.7 15.4 22.8 45.4 54.6 % Burning velocity cm/s 8 orless 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less (WCF) Burningvelocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10 (WCFF)

The results in Table 1 indicate that in a ternary composition diagram ofa mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 in which their sumis 100 mass, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and apoint (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is onthe left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side,when coordinates (x,y,z) are on or below line segments IK and KL thatconnect the following 3 points:

point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4), andpoint L (35.5, 27.5, 37.0);the line segment IK is represented by coordinates(0.025z²−1.7429z+72.00, −0.025z²+0.7429z+28.00, z), andthe line segment KL is represented by coordinates(0.0098z²−1.238z+67.852, −0.0098z²+0.238z+32.148, z),it can be determined that the refrigerant has WCF lower flammability.

For the points on the line segment IK, an approximate curve(x=0.025z²-1.7429z+72.00) was obtained from three points, i.e., I (72.0,28.0, 0.0), J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5), and K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4) by using theleast-square method to determine coordinates (x=0.025z²−1.7429z+72.00,y=100−z−x=−0.00922z²+0.2114z+32.443, z).

Likewise, for the points on the line segment KL, an approximate curvewas determined from three points, i.e., K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4), Example 10(41.1, 31.2, 27.7), and L (35.5, 27.5, 37.0) by using the least-squaremethod to determine coordinates.

The results in Table 146 indicate that in a ternary composition diagramof a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 in which theirsum is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0)and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0)is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the rightside, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on or below line segments MP and PQthat connect the following 3 points:

point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4), andpoint Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0),it can be determined that the refrigerant has ASHRAE lower flammability.

In the above, the line segment MP is represented by coordinates(0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z), and the line segmentPQ is represented by coordinates (0.0135z²−0.9181z+44.133,−0.0135z²−0.0819z+55.867, z).

For the points on the line segment MP, an approximate curve was obtainedfrom three points, i.e., points M, N, and P, by using the least-squaremethod to determine coordinates. For the points on the line segment PQ,an approximate curve was obtained from three points, i.e., points P, U,and Q, by using the least-square method to determine coordinates.

The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A(R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report. The GWPof HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed to be 1 fromHFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described inWO2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of compositions eachcomprising R410A and a mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 wasdetermined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculationsfor the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science andTechnology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and TransportProperties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.

The COP ratio and the refrigerating capacity (which may be referred toas “cooling capacity” or “capacity”) ratio relative to those of R410 ofthe mixed refrigerants were determined. The conditions for calculationwere as described below.

Evaporating temperature: 5° C.Condensation temperature: 45° C.Degree of superheating: 5KDegree of subcooling: 5KCompressor efficiency: 70%

Tables 147 to 166 show these values together with the GWP of each mixedrefrigerant.

TABLE 147 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example Example Example Example Example ExampleExample 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item Unit 1 A B A′ B′ A″ B″ HFO- mass % R410A 90.50.0 81.6 0.0 63.0 0.0 1132(E) HFO-1123 mass % 0.0 90.5 0.0 81.6 0.0 63.0R32 mass % 9.5 9.5 18.4 18.4 37.0 37.0 GWP — 2088  65 65 125 125 250 250COP ratio % 100 99.1 92.0 98.7 93.4 98.7 96.1 (relative to R410A)Refrigerating % 100 102.2 111.6 105.3 113.7 110.0 115.4 capacity(relative ratio to R410A)

TABLE 148 Comparative Comparative Comparative Example ComparativeExample Example 8 9 Example Example 1 11 Item Unit O C 10 U Example 2 DHFO-1132(E) mass % 100.0 50.0 41.1 28.7 15.2 0.0 HFO-1123 mass % 0.031.6 34.6 41.2 52.7 67.0 R32 mass % 0.0 18.4 24.3 30.1 32.1 33.0 GWP — 1125 165 204 217 228 COP ratio % (relative 99.7 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 98.3 109.9 111.7 113.5 114.8 115.4capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 149 Comparative Example Comparative 12 Comparative Example 3Example 4 Example 14 Item Unit E Example 13 T S F HFO-1132(E) mass %53.4 43.4 34.8 25.4 0.0 HFO-1123 mass % 46.6 47.1 51.0 56.2 74.1 R32mass % 0.0 9.5 14.2 18.4 25.9 GWP — 1 65 97 125 176 COP ratio %(relative to 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 R410A) Refrigerating % (relativeto 105.6 109.2 110.8 112.3 114.8 capacity ratio R410A)

TABLE 150 Comparative Example Comparative 15 Example 6 Example 16 ItemUnit G Example 5 R Example 7 H HFO-1132(E) mass % 38.5 31.5 23.1 16.90.0 HFO-1123 mass % 61.5 63.5 67.4 71.1 84.2 R32 mass % 0.0 5.0 9.5 12.015.8 GWP — 1 35 65 82 107 COP ratio % (relative to 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.093.0 R410A) Refrigerating % (relative to 107.0 109.1 110.9 111.9 113.2capacity ratio R410A)

TABLE 151 Comparative Comparative Example 17 Example 8 Example 9Comparative Example 19 Item Unit I J K Example 18 L HFO-1132(E) mass %72.0 57.7 48.4 41.1 35.5 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 32.8 33.2 31.2 27.5 R32mass % 0.0 9.5 18.4 27.7 37.0 GWP — 1 65 125 188 250 COP ratio %(relative to 96.6 95.8 95.9 96.4 97.1 R410A) Refrigerating % (relativeto 103.1 107.4 110.1 112.1 113.2 capacity ratio R410A)

TABLE 152 Comparative Example Example Example Example 20 10 11 12 ItemUnit M N P Q HFO-1132(E) mass % 47.1 38.5 31.8 28.6 HFO-1123 mass % 52.952.1 49.8 34.4 R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 18.4 37.0 GWP — 1 65 125 250 COP ratio% (relative 93.9 94.1 94.7 96.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative106.2 109.7 112.0 114.1 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 153 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeItem Unit Example 22 Example 23 Example 24 Example 14 Example 15 Example16 Example 25 Example 26 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.060.0 70.0 80.0 HFO-1123 mass % 85.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0R32 mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 GWP — 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35COP ratio % relative to 91.7 92.2 92.9 93.7 94.6 95.6 96.7 97.7 R410A)Refrigerating % (relative to 110.1 109.8 109.2 108.4 107.4 106.1 104.7103.1 capacity ratio R410A)

TABLE 154 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeItem Unit Example 27 Example 28 Example 29 Example 17 Example 18 Example19 Example 30 Example 31 HFO-1132(E) mass % 90.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.050.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass % 5.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0R32 mass % 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 GWP — 35 68 68 68 6868 68 68 COP ratio % (relative 98.8 92.4 92.9 93.5 94.3 95.1 96.1 97.0to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 01.4 111.7 111.3 110.6 109.6 108.5107.2 105.7 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 155 Comparative Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example 32Example 20 Example 21 Example 22 Example 23 Example 24 Example 33Example 34 HFO-1132(E) mass % 80.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0HFO-1123 mass % 10.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 R32 mass % 10.015.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 GWP — 68 102 102 102 102 102 102 102COP ratio % (relative 98.0 93.1 93.6 94.2 94.9 95.6 96.5 97.4 to R410A)Refrigerating % (relative 104.1 112.9 112.4 111.6 110.6 109.4 108.1106.6 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 156 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example 35 Example 36Example 37 Example 38 Example 39 Example 40 Example 41 Example 42HFO-1132(E) mass % 80.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass% 5.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R32 mass % 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.020.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 GWP — 102 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 COP ratio %(relative 98.3 93.9 94.3 94.8 95.4 96.2 97.0 97.8 to R410A)Refrigerating % (relative 105.0 113.8 113.2 112.4 111.4 110.2 108.8107.3 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 157 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example 43 Example 44Example 45 Example 46 Example 47 Example 48 Example 49 Example 50HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0 HFO-1123 mass% 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 60.0 R32 mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.025.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 GWP — 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 203 COP ratio %(relative 94.6 94.9 95.4 96.0 96.7 97.4 98.2 95.3 to R410A)Refrigerating % (relative 114.4 113.8 113.0 111.9 110.7 109.4 107.9114.8 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 158 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeExample Example Comparative Item Unit Example 51 Example 52 Example 53Example 54 Example 55 25 26 Example 56 HFO-1132(E) mass % 20.0 30.0 40.050.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 55.045.0 35.0 R32 mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 GWP — 203203 203 203 203 237 237 237 COP ratio % (relative 95.6 96.0 96.6 97.297.9 96.0 96.3 96.6 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 114.2 113.4112.4 111.2 109.8 115.1 114.5 113.6 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 159 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example 57 Example 58Example 59 Example 60 Example 61 Example 62 Example 63 Example 64HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 HFO-1123 mass% 25.0 15.0 5.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R32 mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 40.040.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 GWP — 237 237 237 271 271 271 271 271 COP ratio %(relative 97.1 97.7 98.3 96.6 96.9 97.2 97.7 98.2 to R410A)Refrigerating % (relative 112.6 111.5 110.2 115.1 114.6 113.8 112.8111.7 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 160 Item Unit Example 27 Example 28 Example 29 Example 30 Example31 Example 32 Example 33 Example 34 HFO-1132(E) mass % 38.0 40.0 42.044.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 41.0 HFO-1123 mass % 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 61.0 59.057.0 55.0 R32 mass % 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 GWP — 14 14 14 1428 28 28 28 COP ratio % (relative 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.7 93.2 93.3 93.593.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 107.7 107.5 107.3 107.2 108.6108.4 108.2 108.0 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 161 Item Unit Example 35 Example 36 Example 37 Example 38 Example39 Example 40 Example 41 Example 42 HFO-1132(E) mass % 43.0 31.0 33.035.0 37.0 39.0 41.0 27.0 HFO-1123 mass % 53.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.053.0 65.0 R32 mass % 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 GWP — 28 41 41 4141 41 41 55 COP ratio % (relative 93.9 93.1 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.7 93.993.0 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 107.8 109.5 109.3 109.1 109.0108.8 108.6 110.3 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 162 Item Unit Example 43 Example 44 Example 45 Example 46 Example47 Example 48 Example 49 Example 50 HFO-1132(E) mass % 29.0 31.0 33.035.0 37.0 39.0 32.0 32.0 HFO-1123 mass % 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.051.0 50.0 R32 mass % 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 17.0 18.0 GWP — 55 55 55 5555 55 116 122 COP ratio % (relative 93.2 93.3 93.5 93.6 93.8 94.0 94.594.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 110.1 110.0 109.8 109.6 109.5109.3 111.8 111.9 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 163 Item Unit Example 51 Example 52 Example 53 Example 54 Example55 Example 56 Example 57 Example 58 HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 27.0 21.023.0 25.0 27.0 11.0 13.0 HFO-1123 mass % 52.0 42.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.054.0 52.0 R32 mass % 18.0 31.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 35.0 35.0 GWP — 122210 223 223 223 223 237 237 COP ratio % (relative 94.5 96.0 96.0 96.196.2 96.3 96.0 96.0 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 112.1 113.7114.3 114.2 114.0 113.8 115.0 114.9 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 164 Item Unit Example 59 Example 60 Example 61 Example 62 Example63 Example 64 Example 65 Example 66 HFO-1132(E) mass % 15.0 17.0 19.021.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 11.0 HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.038.0 52.0 R32 mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 37.0 GWP — 237237 237 237 237 237 237 250 COP ratio % (relative 96.1 96.2 96.2 96.396.4 96.4 96.5 96.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 114.8 114.7114.5 114.4 114.2 114.1 113.9 115.1 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 165 Item Unit Example 67 Example 68 Example 69 Example 70 Example71 Example 72 Example 73 Example 74 HFO-1132(E) mass % 13.0 15.0 17.015.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 48.0 46.0 50.0 48.0 46.044.0 42.0 R32 mass % 37.0 37.0 37.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 GWP — 250 250250 237 237 237 237 237 COP ratio % (relative 96.3 96.4 96.4 96.1 96.296.2 96.3 96.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 115.0 114.9 114.7114.8 114.7 114.5 114.4 114.2 capacity ratio to R410A)

TABLE 166 Item Unit Example 75 Example 76 Example 77 Example 78 Example79 Example 80 Example 81 Example 82 HFO-1132(E) mass % 25.0 27.0 11.019.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 HFO-1123 mass % 40.0 38.0 52.0 44.0 42.0 40.038.0 36.0 R32 mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 GWP — 237 237250 250 250 250 250 250 COP ratio % (relative 96.4 96.5 96.2 96.5 96.596.6 96.7 96.8 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 114.1 113.9 115.1114.6 114.5 114.3 114.1 114.0 capacity ratio to R410A)

The above results indicate that under the condition that the mass % ofFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectivelyrepresented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and apoint (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, and the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) ison the left side are within the range of a figure surrounded by linesegments that connect the following 4 points:

point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),point A″ (63.0, 0.0, 37.0),point B″ (0.0, 63.0, 37.0), andpoint (0.0, 100.0, 0.0),or on these line segments,the refrigerant has a GWP of 250 or less.

The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are within therange of a figure surrounded by line segments that connect the following4 points:

point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),point A′ (81.6, 0.0, 18.4),point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4), andpoint (0.0, 100.0, 0.0),or on these line segments,the refrigerant has a GWP of 125 or less.

The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are within therange of a figure surrounded by line segments that connect the following4 points:

point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),point A (90.5, 0.0, 9.5),point B (0.0, 90.5, 9.5), andpoint (0.0, 100.0, 0.0),or on these line segments,the refrigerant has a GWP of 65 or less.

The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the leftside of line segments that connect the following 3 points:

point C (50.0, 31.6, 18.4),point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1), andpoint D (52.2, 38.3, 9.5),or on these line segments,the refrigerant has a COP ratio of 96% or more relative to that ofR410A.

In the above, the line segment CU is represented by coordinates(−0.0538z²+0.7888z+53.701, 0.0538z²−1.7888z+46.299, z), and the linesegment UD is represented by coordinates (−3.4962z²+210.71z−3146.1,3.4962z²−211.71z+3246.1, z).

The points on the line segment CU are determined from three points,i.e., point C, Comparative Example 10, and point U, by using theleast-square method.

The points on the line segment UD are determined from three points,i.e., point U, Example 2, and point D, by using the least-square method.

The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the leftside of line segments that connect the following 3 points:

point E (55.2, 44.8, 0.0),point T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2), andpoint F (0.0, 76.7, 23.3),or on these line segments,the refrigerant has a COP ratio of 94.5% or more relative to that ofR410A.

In the above, the line segment ET is represented by coordinates(−0.0547z² 0.5327z+53.4, 0.0547z²−0.4673z+46.6, z), and the line segmentTF is represented by coordinates (−0.0982z²+0.9622z+40.931,0.0982z²−1.9622z+59.069, z).

The points on the line segment ET are determined from three points,i.e., point E, Example 2, and point T, by using the least-square method.

The points on the line segment TF are determined from three points,i.e., points T, S, and F, by using the least-square method.

The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the leftside of line segments that connect the following 3 points:

point G (0.0, 76.7, 23.3),point R (21.0, 69.5, 9.5), andpoint H (0.0, 85.9, 14.1),or on these line segments,the refrigerant has a COP ratio of 93% or more relative to that ofR410A.

In the above, the line segment GR is represented by coordinates(−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and the line segmentRH is represented by coordinates (−0.3123z²+4.234z+11.06,0.3123z²−5.234z+88.94, z).

The points on the line segment GR are determined from three points,i.e., point G, Example 5, and point R, by using the least-square method.

The points on the line segment RH are determined from three points,i.e., point R, Example 7, and point H, by using the least-square method.

In contrast, as shown in, for example, Comparative Examples 8, 9, 13,15, 17, and 18, when R32 is not contained, the concentrations ofHFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123, which have a double bond, become relativelyhigh; this undesirably leads to deterioration, such as decomposition, orpolymerization in the refrigerant compound.

(6) First Embodiment

The following describes, with reference to the drawings, a heat loadtreatment system 100, which is a refrigeration apparatus according to afirst embodiment. The following embodiments, which are provided asspecific examples, should not be construed as limiting the technicalscope and may be altered as appropriate within a range not departingfrom the spirit thereof. Words such as up, down, left, right, forward(frontside), and rearward (backside) may be hereinafter used to refer todirections. Unless specified otherwise, these directions correspond todirections denoted by arrows in the drawings. The words relevant to thedirections are merely used to facilitate the understanding of theembodiments and should not be construed as limiting the ideas presentedin the present disclosure.

(6-1) Overall Configuration

FIG. 16 is a schematic configuration diagram of the heat load treatmentsystem 100. The heat load treatment system 100 is a system for treatinga heat load in an installation environment. In the present embodiment,the heat load treatment system 100 is an air conditioning system thatair-conditions a target space.

The heat load treatment system 100 includes mainly a plurality ofheat-source-side units 10 (four heat-source-side units 10 in the exampleconcerned), a heat exchanger unit 30, a plurality of use-side units 60(four use-side units 60 in the example concerned), a plurality ofliquid-side connection pipes LP (four liquid-side connection pipes LP inthe example concerned), a plurality of gas-side connection pipes GP(four gas-side connection pipes GP in the example concerned), a firstheat-medium connection pipe H1, a second heat-medium connection pipe H2,a refrigerant leakage sensor 70, and a controller 80, which controls theoperation of the heat load treatment system 100.

In the heat load treatment system 100, a refrigerant circuit RC, throughwhich refrigerant circulates, is formed in such a manner that each ofthe heat-source-side units 10 is connected to the heat exchanger unit 30via the corresponding one of the liquid-side connection pipes LP and thecorresponding one of the gas-side connection pipes GP. The plurality ofheat-source-side units 10 are arranged in parallel, and a plurality ofrefrigerant circuits RC (four refrigerant circuits RC in the exampleconcerned) are formed in the heat load treatment system 100 accordingly.In other words, the heat load treatment system 100 includes theplurality of refrigerant circuits RC, each of which is constructed ofthe corresponding one of the plurality of heat-source-side units 10 andthe heat exchanger unit 30. The heat load treatment system 100 performsa vapor compression refrigeration cycle in each refrigerant circuit RC.

In the present embodiment, refrigerant sealed in the refrigerantcircuits RC is a refrigerant mixture containing 1,2-difluoroethylene andmay be any one of the refrigerants A to E mentioned above.

In the heat load treatment system 100, a heat medium circuit HC, throughwhich a heat medium circulates, is formed in such a manner that the heatexchanger unit 30 and the use-side units 60 are connected to each othervia the first heat-medium connection pipe H1 and the second heat-mediumconnection pipe H2. In other words, the heat exchanger unit 30 and theuse-side units 60 constitute the heat medium circuit HC in the heat loadtreatment system 100. When being driven, a pump 36 of the heat exchangerunit 30 causes the heat medium to circulate through the heat mediumcircuit HC.

In the present embodiment, the heat medium sealed in the heat mediumcircuit HC is, for example, a liquid medium such as water or brine.Examples of brine include aqueous sodium chloride solution, aqueouscalcium chloride solution, aqueous ethylene glycol solution, and aqueouspropylene glycol solution. The liquid medium is not limited to theseexamples and may be selected as appropriate. Specifically, brine is usedas the heat medium in the present embodiment.

(6-2) Details on Configuration (6-2-1) Heat-Source-Side Unit

In the present embodiment, the heat load treatment system 100 includesfour heat-source-side units 10 (see FIG. 16). The four heat-source-sideunits 10 cool or heat refrigerant, which is in turn used by the heatexchanger unit 30 to cool or heat the liquid medium. The number of theheat-source-side units 10 is not limited to particular values such asfour, which is merely given as an example. One, two, three, or five ormore heat-source-side units 10 may be included. The internalconfiguration of one of the four heat-source-side units 10 isillustrated in FIG. 16, in which the internal configuration of theremaining three heat-source-side units 10 is omitted. Each of theheat-source-side units 10 that are not illustrated in full has the sameconfiguration as the heat-source-side unit 10 that will be describedbelow.

The heat-source-side units 10 are units that use air as a heat source tocool or heat refrigerant. The heat-source-side units 10 are individuallyconnected to the heat exchanger unit 30 via the respective liquid-sideconnection pipes LP and the respective gas-side connection pipes GP. Inother words, the individual heat-source-side units 10 together with theheat exchanger unit 30 are constituent components of the correspondingrefrigerant circuits RC. That is, the plurality of refrigerant circuitsRC (four refrigerant circuits RC in the example concerned) are formed inthe heat load treatment system 100 in such a manner that the respectiveheat-source-side units 10 (four heat-source-side units 10 in the exampleconcerned) are individually connected to the heat exchanger unit 30. Therefrigerant circuits RC are separated from each other and do notcommunicate with each other.

Although the installation site of the heat-source-side units 10 is notlimited, each of the heat-source-side unit 10 may be installed on a roofor in a space around a building. The heat-source-side unit 10 isconnected to the heat exchanger unit 30 via the liquid-side connectionpipe LP and the gas-side connection pipe GP to form part of therefrigerant circuit RC.

The heat-source-side unit 10 includes mainly, as devices constitutingthe refrigerant circuit RC, a plurality of refrigerant pipes (a firstpipe P1 to an eleventh pipe P11), a compressor 11, an accumulator 12, afour-way switching valve 13, a heat-source-side heat exchanger 14, asubcooler 15, a heat-source-side first control valve 16, aheat-source-side second control valve 17, a liquid-side shutoff valve18, and a gas-side shutoff valve 19.

The first pipe P1 forms a connection between the gas-side shutoff valve19 and a first port of the four-way switching valve 13. The second pipeP2 forms a connection between an inlet port of the accumulator 12 and asecond port of the four-way switching valve 13. The third pipe P3 formsa connection between an outlet port of the accumulator 12 and an intakeport of the compressor 11. The fourth pipe P4 forms a connection betweena discharge port of the compressor 11 and a third port of the four-wayswitching valve 13. The fifth pipe P5 forms a connection between afourth port of the four-way switching valve 13 and a gas-sideinlet-outlet port of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 14. The sixthpipe P6 forms a connection between a liquid-side inlet-outlet port ofthe heat-source-side heat exchanger 14 and one end of theheat-source-side first control valve 16. The seventh pipe P7 forms aconnection between the other end of the heat-source-side first controlvalve 16 and one end of a main channel 151 in the subcooler 15. Theeighth pipe P8 forms a connection between the other end of the mainchannel 151 in the subcooler 15 and one end of the liquid-side shutoffvalve 18.

The ninth pipe P9 forms a connection between one end of theheat-source-side second control valve 17 and a portion of the sixth pipeP6 between its two ends. The tenth pipe P10 forms a connection betweenthe other end of the heat-source-side second control valve 17 and oneend of a subchannel 152 in the subcooler 15. The eleventh pipe P11 formsa connection between the other end of the subchannel 152 in thesubcooler 15 and an injection port of the compressor 11.

Each of these refrigerant pipes (the pipes P1 to P11) may be practicallyconstructed of a single pipe or a plurality of pipes connected to eachother via a joint.

The compressor 11 is a device that compresses low-pressure refrigerantin the refrigeration cycle to a high pressure. In the presentembodiment, the compressor 11 has a closed structure in which arotary-type or scroll-type positive-displacement compression element isdriven and rotated by a compressor motor (not illustrated). Theoperating frequency of the compressor motor may be controlled by aninverter. The capacity of the compressor 11 is thus controllable.Alternatively, the compressor 11 may be a compressor with fixedcapacity.

The accumulator 12 is a container provided to eliminate or reduce thepossibility that an excessive amount of liquid refrigerant will besucked into the compressor 11. The accumulator 12 has a predeterminedvolumetric capacity required to accommodate refrigerant charged into therefrigerant circuit RC.

The four-way switching valve 13 is a channel-switching mechanism forredirecting a flow of refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit RC. Thefour-way switching valve 13 enables switching between the normal cyclestate and the reverse cycle state. When the four-way switching valve 13is switched to the normal cycle state, the first port (the first pipeP1) communicates with the second port (the second pipe P2), and thethird port (the fourth pipe P4) communicates with the fourth port (thefifth pipe P5) (see solid lines in the four-way switching valve 13illustrated in FIG. 16). When the four-way switching valve 13 isswitched to the reverse cycle state, the first port (the first pipe P1)communicates with the third port (the forth pipe P4), and the secondport (the second pipe P2) communicates with the fourth port (the fifthpipe P5) (see broken lines in the four-way switching valve 13illustrated in FIG. 16).

The heat-source-side heat exchanger 14 is a heat exchanger thatfunctions as a refrigerant condenser (or radiator) or a refrigerantevaporator. The heat-source-side heat exchanger 14 functions as arefrigerant condenser during normal cycle operation (operation in whichthe four-way switching valve 13 is in the normal cycle state). Theheat-source-side heat exchanger 14 functions as a refrigerant evaporatorduring reverse cycle operation (operation in which the four-wayswitching valve 13 is in the reverse cycle state). The heat-source-sideheat exchanger 14 includes a plurality of heat transfer tubes and a heattransfer fin (not illustrated). The heat-source-side heat exchanger 14is configured to enable exchange of heat between refrigerant in the heattransfer tubes and air flowing around the heat transfer tubes or aroundthe heat transfer fin (heat-source-side airflow, which will be describedlater).

The subcooler 15 is a heat exchanger that transforms incomingrefrigerant into liquid refrigerant in a subcooled state. The subcooler15 is, for example, a double-tube heat exchanger, and the main channel151 and the subchannel 152 are formed in the subcooler 15. The subcooler15 is configured to enable exchange of heat between refrigerant flowingthrough the main channel 151 and refrigerant flowing through thesubchannel 152.

The heat-source-side first control valve 16 is an electronic expansionvalve whose opening degree is controllable, such that the pressure ofincoming refrigerant may be reduced in accordance with the openingdegree or the flow rate of incoming refrigerant may be regulated inaccordance with the opening degree. The heat-source-side first controlvalve 16 is capable of switching between the opened state and the closedstate. The heat-source-side first control valve 16 is disposed betweenthe heat-source-side heat exchanger 14 and the subcooler 15 (the mainchannel 151).

The heat-source-side second control valve 17 is an electronic expansionvalve whose opening degree is controllable, such that the pressure ofincoming refrigerant may be reduced in accordance with the openingdegree or the flow rate of incoming refrigerant may be regulated inaccordance with the opening degree. The heat-source-side second controlvalve 17 is capable of switching between the opened state and the closedstate. The heat-source-side second control valve 17 is disposed betweenthe heat-source-side heat exchanger 14 and the subcooler 15 (thesubchannel 152).

The liquid-side shutoff valve 18 is a manual valve disposed in theportion where the eighth pipe P8 is connected to the liquid-sideconnection pipe LP. One end of the liquid-side shutoff valve 18 isconnected to the eighth pipe P8, and the other end of the liquid-sideshutoff valve 18 is connected to the liquid-side connection pipe LP.

The gas-side shutoff valve 19 is a manual valve disposed in the portionwhere the first pipe P1 is connected to the gas-side connection pipe GP.One end of the gas-side shutoff valve 19 is connected to the first pipeP1, and the other end of the gas-side shutoff valve 19 is connected tothe gas-side connection pipe GP.

The heat-source-side unit 10 also includes a heat-source-side fan 20,which generates heat-source-side airflow flowing through theheat-source-side heat exchanger 14. The heat-source-side fan 20 is a fanthat supplies the heat-source-side heat exchanger 14 with theheat-source-side airflow, which is a cooling source or a heating sourcefor refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger 14.The heat-source-side fan 20 includes, as a drive source, aheat-source-side fan motor (not illustrated), which executes on-offcontrol and regulates the revolution frequency as circumstances demand.

In addition, the heat-source-side unit 10 includes a plurality ofheat-source-side sensors S1 (see FIG. 18) to sense the state (thepressure or temperature in particular) of refrigerant in the refrigerantcircuit RC. Each heat-source-side sensor S1 is a pressure sensor or atemperature sensor such as a thermistor or a thermocouple. A firsttemperature sensor 21, which senses the temperature (suctiontemperature) of refrigerant on the intake side of the compressor 11(refrigerant in the third pipe P3), and/or a second temperature sensor22, which senses the temperature (discharge temperature) of refrigeranton the discharge side of the compressor 11 (refrigerant in the fourthpipe P4) may be included as the heat-source-side sensor S1. A thirdtemperature sensor 23, which senses the temperature of refrigerant onthe liquid side of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 14 (refrigerantin the sixth pipe P6), a fourth temperature sensor 24, which senses thetemperature of refrigerant in the eighth pipe P8, and/or a fifthtemperature sensor 25, which senses the temperature of refrigerant inthe eleventh pipe P11 may be included as the heat-source-side sensor S1.A first pressure sensor 27, which senses the pressure (intake pressure)of refrigerant on the intake side of the compressor 11 (refrigerant inthe second pipe P2), and/or a second pressure sensor 28, which sensesthe pressure (discharge pressure) on the discharge side of thecompressor 11 (refrigerant in the fourth pipe P4) may be included as theheat-source-side sensor S1.

The heat-source-side unit 10 also includes a heat-source-side unitcontrol unit 29, which controls the operation and states of the devicesincluded in the heat-source-side unit 10. For example, various electriccircuits, a microprocessor, and a microcomputer including a memory chipthat stores programs to be executed by the microprocessor are includedin the heat-source-side unit control unit 29, which can thus perform itsfunctions. The heat-source-side unit control unit 29 is electricallyconnected to the devices (11, 13, 16, 17, 20) and the heat-source-sidesensors S1 of the heat-source-side unit 10 to perform signal input andoutput. The heat-source-side unit control unit 29 is electricallyconnected through a communication line to a heat exchanger unit controlunit 49 (which will be described later) of the heat exchanger unit 30 totransmit and receive control signals.

(6-2-2) Heat Exchanger Unit

The heat exchanger unit 30 is a device in which a heat medium is cooledand/or heated by exchanging heat with refrigerant. In the presentembodiment, cooling of the heat medium and heating of the heat mediumare performed in the heat exchanger unit 30 in such a manner that heatis exchanged between the heat medium and refrigerant. The heat mediumcooled or heated by the liquid refrigerant in the heat exchanger unit 30is transferred to the use-side units 60.

The heat exchanger unit 30 is a unit in which a heat medium that is tobe transferred to the use-side units 60 is cooled or heated byexchanging heat with the refrigerant. Although the installation site ofthe heat exchanger unit 30 is not limited, the heat exchanger unit 30may be installed indoors (e.g., in an equipment/device room). Asconstituent devices of the refrigerant circuits RC, refrigerant pipes(refrigerant pipes Pa, Pb, Pc, and Pd), expansion valves 31, and on-offvalves 32 are included in the heat exchanger unit 30. The number of therefrigerant pipes is the same as the number of the heat-source-sideunits 10 (the refrigerant circuits RC); that is, the number of therefrigerant pipes is equal to four in the example concerned. The sameholds for the number of the expansion valves 31 and the number of theon-off valves 32. As a constituent device of the refrigerant circuits RCand of the heat medium circuit HC, a heat exchanger 33 is included inthe heat exchanger unit 30.

The refrigerant pipe Pa forms a connection between the liquid-sideconnection pipe LP and one end of the expansion valve 31. Therefrigerant pipe Pb forms a connection between the other end of theexpansion valve 31 and a liquid-side refrigerant inlet-outlet port ofthe heat exchanger 33. The refrigerant pipe Pc forms a connectionbetween a gas-side refrigerant inlet-outlet port of the heat exchanger33 and one end of the on-off valve 32. The refrigerant pipe Pd forms aconnection between the other end of the on-off valve 32 and the gas-sideconnection pipe GP. Each of these refrigerant pipes (the pipes Pa to Pd)may be practically constructed of a single pipe or a plurality of pipesconnected to each other via a joint.

The expansion valve 31 is an electronic expansion valve whose openingdegree is controllable, such that the pressure of incoming refrigerantmay be reduced in accordance with the opening degree or the flow rate ofincoming refrigerant may be regulated in accordance with the openingdegree. The expansion valve 31 is capable of switching between theopened state and the closed state. The expansion valve 31 is disposedbetween the heat exchanger 33 and the liquid-side connection pipe LP.

The on-off valve 32 is a control valve capable of switching between theopened state and the closed state. The on-off valve 32 in the closedstate interrupts refrigerant. The on-off valve 32 is disposed betweenthe heat exchanger 33 and the gas-side connection pipe GP.

A plurality of paths (refrigerant paths RP) for refrigerant flowingthrough the refrigerant circuits RC are formed in heat exchanger 33. Inthe heat exchanger 33, the refrigerant paths RP do not communicate witheach other. On this account, each refrigerant path RP has a liquid-sideinlet-outlet port and a gas-side inlet-outlet port. The number ofliquid-side inlet-outlet ports in the heat exchanger 33 is the same asthe number of refrigerant paths RP; that is, the number of liquid-sideinlet-outlet ports in the heat exchanger 33 is equal to four in theexample concerned. The same holds for the number of gas-sideinlet-outlet ports in the heat exchanger 33. A path (heat medium pathHP) for the heat medium flowing through the heat medium circuit HC isalso formed in the heat exchanger 33.

More specifically, a first heat exchanger 34 and a second heat exchanger35 are included as the heat exchanger 33. The first heat exchanger 34and the second heat exchanger 35 are discrete devices. Two separaterefrigerant paths RP are formed in each of the first heat exchanger 34and the second heat exchanger 35. The first heat exchanger 34 and thesecond heat exchanger 35 are configured as follows: one end of eachrefrigerant path RP is connected to the refrigerant pipe Pb of thecorresponding one of the refrigerant circuits RC, and the other end ofeach refrigerant path RP is connected to the refrigerant pipe Pc of thecorresponding one of the refrigerant circuits RC. In the first heatexchanger 34, one end of the heat medium path HP is connected to a heatmedium pipe Hb, which will be described later, and the other end of theheat medium path HP is connected to a heat medium pipe Hc, which will bedescribed later. In the second heat exchanger 35, one end of the heatmedium path HP is connected to Hc, which will be described later, andthe other end of the heat medium path HP is connected to a heat mediumpipe Hd, which will be described later. In the heat medium circuit HC,the heat medium path HP of the first heat exchanger 34 and the heatmedium path HP of the second heat exchanger 35 are arranged in series.Each of the first heat exchanger 34 and the second heat exchanger 35 isconfigured to enable exchange of heat between refrigerant flowingthrough the refrigerant paths RP (the refrigerant circuits RC) and theheat medium flowing through the heat medium path HP (the heat mediumcircuit HC).

As a constituent device of the heat medium circuit HC, heat medium pipes(heat medium pipes Ha, Hb, Hc, and Hd) and the pump 36 are also includedin the heat exchanger unit 30.

One end of the heat medium pipe Ha is connected to the first heat-mediumconnection pipe H1, and the other end of the heat medium pipe Ha isconnected to an intake-side port of the pump 36. One end of the heatmedium pipe Hb is connected to a discharge-side port of the pump 36, andthe other end of the heat medium pipe Hb is connected to one end of theheat medium path HP of the first heat exchanger 34. One end of the heatmedium pipe He is connected to the other end of the heat medium path HPof the first heat exchanger 34, and the other end of the heat mediumpipe He is connected to one end of the heat medium path HP of the secondheat exchanger 35. One end of the heat medium pipe Hd is connected tothe other end of the heat medium path HP of the second heat exchanger35, and the other end of the heat medium pipe Hd is connected to thesecond heat-medium connection pipe H2. Each of these heat medium pipes(the pipes Ha to Hd) may be practically constructed of a single pipe ora plurality of pipes connected to each other via a joint.

The pump 36 is disposed in the heat medium circuit HC. During operation,the pump 36 sucks in and discharges the heat medium. The pump 36includes a motor that is a drive source. The motor isinverter-controlled, and the revolution frequency is regulatedaccordingly. The discharge flow rate of the pump 36 is thus variable.The heat exchanger unit 30 may include a plurality of pumps 36 connectedin series or parallel in the heat medium circuit HC. The pump 36 may bea metering pump.

The heat exchanger unit 30 includes a plurality of heat exchanger unitsensors S2 (see FIG. 18) to sense the state (the pressure or temperaturein particular) of refrigerant in the refrigerant circuits RC. Each heatexchanger unit sensor S2 is a pressure sensor or a temperature sensorsuch as a thermistor or a thermocouple. A sixth temperature sensor 41,which senses the temperature of refrigerant on the liquid side of theheat exchanger 33 (refrigerant in the refrigerant pipe Pb on therefrigerant path RP), and/or a seventh temperature sensor 42, whichsenses the temperature of refrigerant on the gas-side of the heatexchanger 33 (refrigerant in the refrigerant pipe Pc on the refrigerantpath RP) may be included as the heat exchanger unit sensor S2. A thirdpressure sensor 43, which senses the pressure of refrigerant on theliquid side of the heat exchanger 33 (refrigerant in the refrigerantpipe Pb on the refrigerant path RP), and/or a fourth pressure sensor 44,which senses the pressure on the gas-side of the heat exchanger 33(refrigerant in the refrigerant pipe Pc on the refrigerant path RP) maybe included as the heat exchanger unit sensor S2.

The heat exchanger unit 30 includes an exhaust fan unit to enable theheat exchanger unit 30 to discharge leakage refrigerant at the time ofoccurrence of refrigerant leakage in the heat exchanger unit 30 (therefrigerant circuit RC). The exhaust fan unit includes an exhaust fan46. The exhaust fan 46 is driven along with a drive source (e.g., a fanmotor). When being driven, the exhaust fan 46 generates a first airflowAF1, which flows out of the heat exchanger unit 30. The exhaust fan 46is not limited to a particular type of fan and is, for example, asirocco fan or a propeller fan.

The heat exchanger unit 30 also includes a cooling fan 48. The coolingfan 48 is driven along with a drive source (e.g., a fan motor). Whenbeing driven, the cooling fan 48 generates a second airflow AF2 to coolelectric components (heating components) disposed in the heat exchangerunit 30. The cooling fan 48 is disposed in such a manner that the secondairflow AF2 flows around the heating components to perform heat exchangeand then flows out of the heat exchanger unit 30. The cooling fan 48 isnot limited to a particular type of fan and is, for example, a siroccofan or a propeller fan.

The heat exchanger unit 30 also includes a heat exchanger unit controlunit 49, which controls the operation and states of the devices includedin the heat exchanger unit 30. For example, a microprocessor, amicrocomputer including a memory chip that stores programs to beexecuted by the microprocessor, and various electric components areincluded in the heat exchanger unit control unit 49, which can thusperform its functions. The heat exchanger unit control unit 49 iselectrically connected to the devices and the heat exchanger unitsensors S2 of the heat exchanger unit 30 to perform signal input andoutput. The heat exchanger unit control unit 49 is electricallyconnected through a communication line to a heat-source-side unitcontrol unit 29, control units (not illustrated) disposed in thecorresponding use-side units 60, or a remote control (not illustrated)to transmit and receive control signals. The electric componentsincluded in the heat exchanger unit control unit 49 are cooled by thesecond airflow AF2 generated by the cooling fan 48.

(6-2-3) Use-Side Unit

Each use-side unit 60 is equipment that uses the heat medium cooled orheated in the heat exchanger unit 30. The individual use-side units 60are connected to the heat exchanger unit 30 via, for example, the firstheat-medium connection pipe H1 and the second heat-medium connectionpipe H2. The individual use-side units 60 and the heat exchanger unit 30constitute the heat medium circuit HC.

In the present embodiment, each use-side unit 60 is an air handling unitor a fan coil unit that performs air conditioning through exchange ofheat between the heat medium cooled or heated in the heat exchanger unit30 and air.

Only one use-side unit 60 is illustrated in FIG. 16. Nevertheless, theheat load treatment system 100 may include a plurality of use-sideunits, and the heat medium cooled or heated in the heat exchanger unit30 may branch out to be transferred to the individual use-side units.The use-side units that may be included in the heat load treatmentsystem 100 may be of the same type. Alternatively, more than one type ofequipment may be included as the use-side units.

(6-2-4) Liquid-Side Connection Pipe and Gas-Side Connection Pipe

The liquid-side connection pipes LP and the gas-side connection pipes GPform refrigerant paths in such a manner as to connect the heat exchangerunit 30 to the corresponding heat-source-side units 10. The liquid-sideconnection pipes LP and the gas-side connection pipes GP are installedon-site. Each of the liquid-side connection pipes LP and the gas-sideconnection pipes GP may be practically constructed of a single pipe or aplurality of pipes connected to each other via a joint.

(6-2-5) First Heat-Medium Connection Pipe and Second Heat-MediumConnection Pipe

The first heat-medium connection pipe H1 and the second heat-mediumconnection pipe H2 form heating medium paths in such a manner as toconnect the heat exchanger unit 30 to the corresponding use-side units60. The first heat-medium connection pipe H1 and the second heat-mediumconnection pipe H2 are installed on-site. Each of the first heat-mediumconnection pipe H1 and the second heat-medium connection pipe H2 may bepractically constructed of a single pipe or a plurality of pipesconnected to each other via a joint.

(6-2-6) Refrigerant Leakage Sensor

The refrigerant leakage sensor 70 is a sensor for sensing leakage ofrefrigerant in the space in which the heat exchanger unit 30 isinstalled (an equipment/device room R, which will be described later).More specifically, the refrigerant leakage sensor 70 is configured tosense leakage refrigerant in the heat exchanger unit 30. In the exampleconcerned, the refrigerant leakage sensor 70 is a well-knowngeneral-purpose product suited to the type of refrigerant sealed in therefrigerant circuits RC. The refrigerant leakage sensor 70 is disposedin the space in which the heat exchanger unit 30 is installed. In thepresent embodiment, the refrigerant leakage sensor 70 is disposed in theheat exchanger unit 30.

The refrigerant leakage sensor 70 continuously or intermittentlyoutputs, to the controller 80, electrical signals(refrigerant-leakage-sensor detection signals) corresponding todetection values. More specifically, the refrigerant-leakage-sensordetection signals output by the refrigerant leakage sensor 70 vary involtage depending on the concentration of refrigerant sensed by therefrigerant leakage sensor 70. In other words, therefrigerant-leakage-sensor detection signals are output to thecontroller 80 in a manner so as to enable not only a determination onwhether leakage of refrigerant has occurred in the refrigerant circuitRC but also a determination of the concentration of leakage refrigerantin the space in which the refrigerant leakage sensor 70 is installed, ormore specifically, the concentration of refrigerant sensed by therefrigerant leakage sensor 70.

(6-2-7) Controller

The controller 80 illustrated in FIG. 18 is a computer that controls thestates of the individual devices to control the operation of the heatload treatment system 100. In the present embodiment, the controller 80is configured in such a manner that the heat-source-side unit controlunit 29, the heat exchanger unit control unit 49, and devices connectedto these units (e.g., control units disposed in the correspondinguse-side units and a remote control) are connected to each other throughcommunication lines. In the present embodiment, the heat-source-sideunit control unit 29, the heat exchanger unit control unit 49, and thedevices connected to these units cooperate to serve as the controller80.

(6-3) Installation Layout of Heat Load Treatment System

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating an installation layout ofthe heat load treatment system 100. Although the installation site ofthe heat load treatment system 100 is not limited, the heat loadtreatment system 100 is installed in, for example, a building, acommercial facility, or a plant. In the present embodiment, the heatload treatment system 100 is installed in a building B1 as illustratedin FIG. 17. The building B1 has a plurality of floors. The number offloors or rooms in the building B1 may be changed as appropriate.

The building B1 includes the equipment/device room R. Theequipment/device room R is a space in which electric equipment, such asa switchboard and a generator, or cooling/heating devices, such as aboiler, are installed. The equipment/device room R is an accessiblespace in which people can stay. The equipment/device room R is, forexample, a basement in which people can walk. In the present embodiment,the equipment/device room R is located on the lowermost floor of thebuilding B1. The building B1 includes a plurality of living spaces SP,each of which is provided for activities of the occupants. In thepresent embodiment, the living spaces SP are located on the respectivefloors above the equipment/device room R.

Referring to FIG. 17, the heat-source-side unit 10 is installed on therooftop of the building B1. The heat exchanger unit 30 is installed inthe equipment/device room R. On this account, the liquid-side connectionpipe LP and the gas-side connection pipe GP extend in a verticaldirection between the rooftop and the equipment/device room R.

Referring to FIG. 17, the individual use-side units 60 are disposed inthe living spaces SP. On this account, the first heat-medium connectionpipe H1 and the second heat-medium connection pipe H2 extend in avertical direction through the living spaces SP and the equipment/deviceroom R.

The building B1 is equipped with a ventilating apparatus 200, whichprovides ventilation (forced ventilation or natural ventilation) in theequipment/device room R. The ventilating apparatus 200 is installed inthe equipment/device room R. Specifically, a ventilating fan 210 isinstalled as the ventilating apparatus 200 in the equipment/device roomR. The ventilating fan 210 is connected to a plurality of ventilatingducts D. When being driven, the ventilating fan 210 ventilates theequipment/device room R in such a manner that air (room air RA) in theequipment/device room R is discharged as exhaust air EA to the externalspace and air (outside air OA) in the external space is supplied assupply air SA to the equipment/device room R. The ventilating fan 210 isthus regarded as the ventilating apparatus that provides ventilation inthe equipment/device room R. The operation (e.g., on-off or therevolution frequency) of the ventilating fan 210 may be controlled bythe controller 80. The ventilating fan 210 is controlled in such amanner as to switch, as appropriate, between an intermittent operationmode in which the ventilating fan 210 operates intermittently and acontinuous operation mode in which the ventilating fan 210 operatescontinuously.

In the equipment/device room R, an open-close mechanism 220 is alsoinstalled as the ventilating apparatus 200. The open-close mechanism 220is a mechanism capable of switching between an opened state in which theequipment/device room R communicates with another space (e.g., theexternal space) and a closed state in which the equipment/device room Ris shielded. That is, the open-close mechanism 220 opens or closes avent through which the equipment/device room R communicates with anotherspace. The open-close mechanism 220 is, for example, a door, a hatch, awindow, or a shutter, the opening and closing of which are controllable.The open-close mechanism 220 is electrically connected to the controller80 through an adapter 80 b (see FIG. 18). The state (the opened state orthe closed state) of the ventilating fan 210 is controlled by thecontroller 80.

(6-4) Features

The refrigerant mixture that is any one of the refrigerants A to Ementioned above is used as refrigerant sealed in the refrigerantcircuits RC serving as a first cycle in the heat load treatment system100 according to the present embodiment, where the efficiency of heatexchange in the heat exchanger unit 30 is enhanced accordingly.

(7) Second Embodiment

FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a refrigerant circuit included in atwo-stage refrigeration apparatus 500, which is a refrigerationapparatus according to the present embodiment. The two-stagerefrigeration apparatus 500 includes a first cycle 510, which is ahigh-stage-side refrigeration cycle on the high temperature side, and asecond cycle 520, which is a low-stage-side refrigeration cycle on thelow temperature side. The first cycle 510 and the second cycle 520 arethermally connected to each other through a cascade condenser 531.Constituent elements of the first cycle 510 and the constituent elementsof the second cycle 520 are accommodated in an outdoor unit 501 or acooling unit 502, which will be described later.

With consideration given to possible refrigerant leakage, carbon dioxide(CO₂), which does not have a significant impact on global warming, isused as refrigerant sealed in the second cycle 520. Refrigerant sealedin the first cycle 510 is a refrigerant mixture containing1,2-difluoroethylene and may be any one of the refrigerants A to Ementioned above. The low-temperature-side refrigerant sealed in thesecond cycle 520 is referred to as a second refrigerant, and thehigh-temperature-side refrigerant sealed in the first cycle 510 isreferred to as a first refrigerant.

The first cycle 510 is a refrigeration cycle through which the firstrefrigerant circulates. A refrigerant circuit is formed in the firstcycle 510 in such a manner that a first compressor 511, a firstcondenser 512, a first expansion valve 513, and a first evaporator 514are serially connected to each other via a refrigerant pipe. Therefrigerant circuit provided in the first cycle 510 is herein referredto as a first refrigerant circuit.

The second cycle 520 is a refrigeration cycle through which the secondrefrigerant circulates. A refrigerant circuit is formed in the secondcycle 520 in such a manner that a second compressor 521, a secondupstream-side condenser 522, a second downstream-side condenser 523, aliquid receiver 525, a second downstream-side expansion valve 526, and asecond evaporator 527 are serially connected to each other via arefrigerant pipe. The second cycle 520 includes a second upstream-sideexpansion valve 524, which is disposed between the seconddownstream-side condenser 523 and the liquid receiver 525. Therefrigerant circuit provided in the second cycle 520 is herein referredto as a second refrigerant circuit.

The two-stage refrigeration apparatus 500 includes the cascade condenser531 mentioned above. The cascade condenser 531 is configured in such amanner that the first evaporator 514 and the second downstream-sidecondenser 523 are coupled to each other to enable exchange of heatbetween refrigerant flowing through the first evaporator 514 andrefrigerant flowing through the second downstream-side condenser 523.The cascade condenser 531 is thus regarded as a refrigerant heatexchanger. With the cascade condenser 531 being provided, the secondrefrigerant circuit and the first refrigerant circuit constitute amultistage configuration.

The first compressor 511 sucks in the first refrigerant flowing throughthe first refrigerant circuit, compresses the first refrigerant totransform it into high-temperature, high-pressure gas refrigerant, andthen discharges the gas refrigerant. In the present embodiment, thefirst compressor 511 is a compressor of the type that is capable ofadjusting the refrigerant discharge amount through control of therevolution frequency by an inverter circuit.

The first condenser 512 causes, for example, air or brine to exchangeheat with refrigerant flowing through the first refrigerant circuit, andin turn, the refrigerant is condensed into a liquid. In the presentembodiment, the first condenser 512 enables exchange of heat betweenoutside air and refrigerant. The two-stage refrigeration apparatus 500includes a first condenser fan 512 a. The first condenser fan 512 ablows outside air into the first condenser 512 to promote heat exchangein the first condenser 512. The airflow rate of the first condenser fan512 a is adjustable.

The first expansion valve 513 decompresses and expands the firstrefrigerant flowing through the first refrigerant circuit and is, forexample, an electronic expansion valve.

In the first evaporator 514, refrigerant flowing through the firstrefrigerant circuit evaporates and gasifies as a result of heatexchange. In the present embodiment, the first evaporator 514 includes,for example, a heat transfer tube that allows, in the cascade condenser531, passage of refrigerant flowing through the first refrigerantcircuit. In the cascade condenser 531, heat is exchanged between thefirst refrigerant flowing through the first evaporator 514 and thesecond refrigerant flowing through the second refrigerant circuit.

The second compressor 521 sucks in the second refrigerant flowingthrough the second refrigerant circuit, compresses the secondrefrigerant to transform it into high-temperature, high-pressure gasrefrigerant, and then discharges the gas refrigerant. In the presentembodiment, the second compressor 521 is, for example, a compressor ofthe type that is capable of adjusting the refrigerant discharge amountthrough control of the revolution frequency by an inverter circuit.

The second upstream-side condenser 522 causes, for example, air or brainto exchange heat with refrigerant flowing through the first refrigerantcircuit, and in turn, the refrigerant is condensed into a liquid. In thepresent embodiment, the second upstream-side condenser 522 enablesexchange of heat between outside air and refrigerant. The two-stagerefrigeration apparatus 500 includes a second condenser fan 522 a. Thesecond condenser fan 522 a blows outside air into the secondupstream-side condenser 522 to promote heat exchange in the secondupstream-side condenser 522. The second condenser fan 522 a is a fanwhose airflow rate is adjustable.

In the second downstream-side condenser 523, the refrigerant condensedinto a liquid in the second upstream-side condenser 522 is furthertransformed into supercooled refrigerant. In the present embodiment, thesecond downstream-side condenser 523 includes, for example, a heattransfer tube that allows, in the cascade condenser 531, passage of thesecond refrigerant flowing through the second refrigerant circuit. Inthe cascade condenser 531, heat is exchanged between the secondrefrigerant flowing through the second downstream-side condenser 523 andthe first refrigerant flowing through the first refrigerant circuit.

The second upstream-side expansion valve 524 decompresses and expandsthe second refrigerant flowing through the second refrigerant circuit,and the second upstream-side expansion valve 524 in the exampleconcerned is an electronic expansion valve.

The liquid receiver 525 is disposed downstream of the seconddownstream-side condenser 523 and the second upstream-side expansionvalve 524. The liquid receiver 525 stores refrigerant temporarily.

The second downstream-side expansion valve 526 decompresses and expandsthe second refrigerant flowing through the second refrigerant circuitand is an electronic expansion valve.

In the second evaporator 527, the first refrigerant flowing through thefirst refrigerant circuit evaporates and gasifies as a result of heatexchange. Exchange of heat between a cooling target and the refrigerantin the second evaporator 527 results in direct or indirect cooling ofthe cooling target.

Constituent elements of the two-stage refrigeration apparatus 500mentioned above are accommodated in the outdoor unit 501 or the coolingunit 502. The cooling unit 502 is used as, for example, arefrigerator-freezer showcase or a unit cooler. The first compressor511, the first condenser 512, the first expansion valve 513, the firstevaporator 514, the second compressor 521, the second upstream-sidecondenser 522, the second downstream-side condenser 523, the secondupstream-side expansion valve 524, the liquid receiver 525, asupercooled refrigerant pipe 528, a vapor refrigerant pipe 529, acapillary tube 528 a, and a check valve 529 a in the present embodimentare accommodated in the outdoor unit 501. The second downstream-sideexpansion valve 526 and the second evaporator 527 are accommodated inthe cooling unit 502. The outdoor unit 501 and the cooling unit 502 areconnected to each other via two pipes, namely, a liquid pipe 551 and agas pipe 552.

With the two-stage refrigeration apparatus 500 being configured asdescribed above, the following describes, in accordance with the flow ofrefrigerants flowing through the respective refrigerant circuits, theway in which the constituent devices work during normal coolingoperation for cooling a cooling target, namely, air.

Referring to FIG. 19, the first cycle 510 works as follows. The firstcompressor 511 sucks in the first refrigerant, compresses the firstrefrigerant to transform it into high-temperature, high-pressure gasrefrigerant, and then discharges the gas refrigerant. After beingdischarged, the first refrigerant flows into the first condenser 512. Inthe first condenser 512, the outside air supplied by the first condenserfan 512 a exchanges heat with the first refrigerant in the form of gasrefrigerant, and the first refrigerant is in turn condensed into aliquid. After being condensed into a liquid, the first refrigerant flowsthrough the first expansion valve 513. The first refrigerant condensedinto a liquid is decompressed by the first expansion valve 513. Afterbeing decompressed, the first refrigerant flows into the firstevaporator 514 included in the cascade condenser 531. In the firstevaporator 514, the first refrigerant evaporates and gasifies byexchanging heat with the second refrigerant flowing through the seconddownstream-side condenser 523. After the evaporation and gasification,the first refrigerant is sucked into the first compressor 511.

Referring to FIG. 1, the second cycle 520 works as follows. The secondcompressor 521 sucks in the second refrigerant, compresses the secondrefrigerant to transform it into high-temperature, high-pressure gasrefrigerant, and then discharges the gas refrigerant. After beingdischarged, the second refrigerant flows into the second upstream-sidecondenser 522. In the second upstream-side condenser 522, the outsideair supplied by the second condenser fan 522 a exchanges heat with thesecond refrigerant, which is in turn condensed and flows into the seconddownstream-side condenser 523 included in the cascade condenser 531. Inthe second downstream-side condenser 523, the first refrigerant issupercooled by exchanging heat with the first refrigerant flowingthrough the first evaporator 514. The supercooled second refrigerantflows through the second upstream-side expansion valve 524. Thesupercooled second refrigerant is decompressed by the secondupstream-side expansion valve 524 to an intermediate pressure. Thesecond refrigerant decompressed to the intermediate pressure flowsthrough the liquid receiver 525 and is then decompressed to a lowpressure while flowing through the second downstream-side expansionvalve 526. The second refrigerant decompressed to the low pressure flowsinto the second evaporator 527. The second evaporator 527 operates asecond evaporator fan 527 a so that air in a refrigerated warehouseexchanges heat with the second refrigerant, which in turn evaporates andgasifies. After the evaporation and gasification, the second refrigerantis sucked into the second compressor 521.

The refrigerant mixture that is any one of the refrigerants A to Ementioned above is used as the first refrigerant sealed in the firstcycle 510 of the two-stage refrigeration apparatus 500 according to thepresent embodiment, where the efficiency of heat exchange in the cascadecondenser 531 is enhanced accordingly. Using, as the first refrigerant,the refrigerant mixture that is any one of the refrigerant A to E canhelp achieve a global warming potential (GWP) lower than the GWPachievable through the use of R32.

(7-1) First Modification of Second Embodiment

In the embodiment above, the refrigerant mixture that is any one of therefrigerants A to E mentioned above is used as the first refrigerantsealed in the first cycle 510, and carbon dioxide is used as the secondrefrigerant sealed in the second cycle 520. As with the firstrefrigerant, the second refrigerant may be the refrigerant mixture thatis any one of the refrigerants A to E mentioned above. In the exampleconcerned, the first cycle 510 and the second cycle 520 are coupled toeach other via the cascade condenser 531 to constitute the two-stagerefrigeration apparatus 500. The amount of refrigerant charged into thecycle (the second cycle 520) extending through the cooling unit 502 maybe smaller in the apparatus having this configuration than in aone-stage apparatus. This feature enables a reduction in costsassociated with safeguards against possible refrigerant leakage in thecooling unit 502.

(7-2) Second Modification of Second Embodiment

In the embodiment above, the refrigerant mixture that is any one of therefrigerants A to E mentioned above is used as the first refrigerantsealed in the first cycle 510, and carbon dioxide is used as the secondrefrigerant sealed in the second cycle 520. Alternatively, R32 may beused as the first refrigerant, and the refrigerant mixture that is anyone of the refrigerants A to E mentioned above may be used as the secondrefrigerant. Such a refrigerant mixture typically involves apressure-resistance design value that is lower than thepressure-resistance design value necessitated in the case of usingcarbon dioxide (CO₂), and the level of pressure resistance required ofpipes and components constituting the second cycle 520 may be loweredaccordingly.

(8) Third Embodiment (8-1) Overall Configuration

FIG. 20 illustrates an air-conditioning hot water supply system 600,which is a refrigeration apparatus according to a third embodiment. FIG.20 is a circuit configuration diagram of the air-conditioning hot watersupply system 600. The air-conditioning hot water supply system 600includes an air conditioning apparatus 610 and a hot water supplyapparatus 620. The hot water supply apparatus 620 is connected with ahot-water-supply hot water circuit 640.

(8-2) Details on Configuration (8-2-1) Air Conditioning Apparatus

The air conditioning apparatus 610 includes an air-conditioningrefrigerant circuit 615, with a compressor 611, an outdoor heatexchanger 612, an expansion valve 613, and an indoor heat exchanger 614being arranged in such a manner as to be connected to theair-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615. Specifically, the dischargeside of the compressor 611 is connected with a first port P1 of afour-way switching valve 616. A gas-side end of the outdoor heatexchanger 612 is connected with a second port P2 of the four-wayswitching valve 616. A liquid-side end of the outdoor heat exchanger 612is connected to a liquid-side end of the indoor heat exchanger 614 viathe expansion valve 613. A gas-side end of the indoor heat exchanger 614is connected to a third port P3 of the four-way switching valve 616. Afourth port P4 of the four-way switching valve 616 is connected to thesuction side of the compressor 611.

The four-way switching valve 616 allows switching between a firstcommunication state and a second communication state. In the firstcommunication state (denoted by broken lines in the drawing), the firstport P1 communicates with the second port P2, and the third port P3communicates with the fourth port P4. In the second communication state(denoted by solid lines), the first port P1 communicates with the thirdport P3, and the second port P2 communicates with the fourth port P4.The direction in which refrigerant circulates may be reversed inaccordance with the switching operation of the four-way switching valve616.

In the third embodiment, the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615 ischarged with refrigerant for the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.The refrigerant is a refrigerant mixture containing 1,2-difluoroethyleneand may be any one of the refrigerants A to E mentioned above.

(8-2-2) Hot Water Supply Apparatus

The hot water supply apparatus 620 includes a hot-water-supplyrefrigerant circuit 625. The hot-water-supply refrigerant circuit 625includes a compressor 621, a first heat exchanger 622, an expansionvalve 623, and a second heat exchanger 624, which are serially connectedto each other. The hot-water-supply refrigerant circuit 625 is chargedwith refrigerant, which is a carbon dioxide refrigerant. The devicesconstituting the hot-water-supply refrigerant circuit 625 andaccommodated in a casing are incorporated into the hot water supplyapparatus 620 to constitute a water supply unit.

The first heat exchanger 622 is a water-refrigerant heat exchanger,which is a combination of a heat absorbing unit 622 a and a heatradiating unit 622 b. The heat radiating unit 622 b of the first heatexchanger 622 is connected to the hot-water-supply refrigerant circuit625, and the heat absorbing unit 622 a of the first heat exchanger 622is connected to the hot-water-supply hot water circuit 640, in whichwater heating is performed to generate hot water. In the first heatexchanger 622, water heating is performed to generate hot water in thehot-water-supply hot water circuit 640 in such a manner that heat isexchanged between water in the hot-water-supply hot water circuit 640and the carbon dioxide refrigerant in the hot-water-supply refrigerantcircuit 625.

The hot-water-supply hot water circuit 640 is connected with acirculating pump 641, the heat absorbing unit 622 a of the first heatexchanger 622, and a hot water storage tank 642. The hot-water-supplyhot water circuit 640 provides water-hot water circulation, where waterreceives heat from the carbon dioxide refrigerant in the first heatexchanger 622 and the generated hot water is then stored in the hotwater storage tank 642. For water supply and drainage to and from thehot water storage tank 642, the hot-water-supply hot water circuit 640is connected with a water supply pipe 643 leading to the hot waterstorage tank 642 and a hot water outflow pipe 644 leading from the hotwater storage tank 642.

The second heat exchanger 624 is a cascade heat exchanger and is acombination of a heat absorbing unit 624 a and a heat radiating unit 624b. The heat absorbing unit 624 a is connected to the hot-water-supplyrefrigerant circuit 625, and the heat radiating unit 624 b is connectedto the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615. With the second heatexchanger 624 being a cascade heat exchanger, the air-conditioningrefrigerant circuit 615 is in charge of operation on the low-stage(low-temperature) side of the two-stage heat pump cycle, and thehot-water-supply refrigerant circuit 625 is in charge of operation onthe high-stage (high-temperature) side of the two-stage heat pump cycle.

The second heat exchanger 624 and the indoor heat exchanger 614 in theair-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615, which is the low-stage side ofthe two-stage heat pump cycle, are connected in parallel. A three-wayswitching valve 650 allows switching between the state in whichrefrigerant in the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615 flowsthrough the second heat exchanger 624 and the state in which therefrigerant flows through the indoor heat exchanger 614. In other words,the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615, which is the low-stageside of the two-stage heat pump cycle, is capable of switching between afirst operation and a second operation. During the first operation,refrigerant circulates between the outdoor heat exchanger 612 and theindoor heat exchanger 614. During the second operation, refrigerantcirculates between the outdoor heat exchanger 612 and the second heatexchanger 624.

(8-3) Operation and Working of Air-Conditioning Hot Water Supply System

The following describes the operation and working of theair-conditioning hot water supply system 600.

Air conditioning operation that is the first operation may be performedin such a way as to switch between cooling operation and heatingoperation. During the cooling operation, the four-way switching valve616 is set into the first communication state on the broken lines, andthe three-way switching valve 650 is set into a first communicationstate on a broken line. In this setup, refrigerant discharged by thecompressor 611 flows through the four-way switching valve 616, entersthe outdoor heat exchanger 612 and is condensed in the outdoor heatexchanger 612 by transferring heat to outside air. The refrigerant isexpanded in the expansion valve 613 and then enters the indoor heatexchanger 614, where the refrigerant evaporates by absorbing heat fromroom air. Consequently, the room air is cooled. The refrigerant thenflows through the four-way switching valve 616 and is sucked into thecompressor 611. The room is cooled by repeated cycles of a compressionstroke, a condensation stroke, an expansion stroke, and an evaporationstroke while the refrigerant circulates as described above.

During the heating operation, the four-way switching valve 616 is setinto the second communication state on the solid lines, and thethree-way switching valve 650 is set into the first communication stateon the broken line. In this setup, refrigerant discharged by thecompressor 611 flows through the four-way switching valve 616 and thethree-way switching valve 650, enters the indoor heat exchanger 614, andis condensed in the indoor heat exchanger 614 by transferring heat toroom air. Consequently, the room air is heated. The refrigerant isexpanded in the expansion valve 613 and then enters the outdoor heatexchanger 612, where the refrigerant evaporates by absorbing heat fromoutside air. The refrigerant then flows through the four-way switchingvalve 616 and is sucked into the compressor 611. The room is heatedwhile the refrigerant circulates as described above.

Meanwhile, hot water storage operation that is the second operation isperformed in the middle of the night when air conditioning is notneeded. During this operation, the four-way switching valve 616 in theair-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615 is set into the secondcommunication state on the solid lines as in the heating operation, andthe three-way switching valve 650 in the air-conditioning refrigerantcircuit 615 is set into a second communication state on a solid line asopposed to the state into which the three-way switching valve 650 is setduring air conditioning operation. The compressor 621 in thehot-water-supply refrigerant circuit 625 and the circulating pump 641 inthe hot-water-supply hot water circuit 640 are also operated.

In this setup, the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615 works asfollows: refrigerant discharged by the compressor 611 flows through thefour-way switching valve 616 and the three-way switching valve 650 andthen enters the heat radiating unit 624 b of the second heat exchanger624. In the heat radiating unit 624 b, refrigerant flowing through theair-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615 is condensed by transferringheat to the carbon dioxide refrigerant in the hot-water-supplyrefrigerant circuit 625. Consequently, the carbon dioxide refrigerant isheated. The refrigerant in the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615is then expanded in the expansion valve 613, evaporates in the outdoorheat exchanger 612, flows through the four-way switching valve 616, andis sucked into the compressor 611. The refrigerant in theair-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615 circulates as described aboveto undergo repeated cycles of a compression stroke, a condensationstroke, an expansion stroke, and an evaporation stroke.

The carbon dioxide refrigerant in the hot-water-supply refrigerantcircuit 625 undergoes a compression stroke in the compressor 621, a heatradiation stroke in the heat radiating unit 622 b of the first heatexchanger 622, an expansion stroke in the expansion valve 623, and aheat absorption stroke in the heat absorbing unit 624 a of the secondheat exchanger 624 in the stated order. In the second heat exchanger624, the carbon dioxide refrigerant absorbs heat from the refrigerantflowing through the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615. In thefirst heat exchanger 622, the carbon dioxide refrigerant transforms thewarmth to water in the hot-water-supply hot water circuit 640.

In the hot-water-supply hot water circuit 640, the circulating pump 641supplies water in the hot water storage tank 642 to the heat absorbingunit 622 a of the first heat exchanger 622, where the water is heated(hot water is generated). The hot water generated by the application ofheat is sent back to the hot water storage tank 642 and continues tocirculate through the hot-water-supply hot water circuit 640 until apredetermined thermal storage temperature is reached. As mentionedabove, the hot water storage operation is performed in the middle of thenight. Meanwhile, hot water supply operation for letting out hot waterfrom the hot water storage tank 642 is performed during daytime ornighttime hours. During the hot water supply operation, thehot-water-supply refrigerant circuit 625 is nonoperational, and theindoor heat exchanger 614 in the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit615 may be used to perform the cooling operation or the heatingoperation.

(8-4) Features of Air-Conditioning Hot Water Supply System

The air-conditioning hot water supply system 600 according to the thirdembodiment includes the hot water supply apparatus 620, which is aunit-type apparatus. This apparatus includes a cascade heat exchanger asthe second heat exchanger 624 on the heat source side of thehot-water-supply refrigerant circuit 625, in which carbon dioxide isused as refrigerant. The second heat exchanger 624 is connected to theair-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615, which is a low-stage-siderefrigerant circuit. This configuration enables two-stage heat pumpcycle operation. The refrigerant used in the air-conditioningrefrigerant circuit 615 is a refrigerant mixture containing1,2-difluoroethylene and is any one of the refrigerants A to E mentionedabove. These features enhance the efficiency of heat exchange in thesecond heat exchanger 624.

(8-5) Modification of Third Embodiment

In the embodiment above, the refrigerant mixture that is any one of therefrigerants A to E mentioned above is used as the first refrigerantsealed in the air-conditioning refrigerant circuit 615, which is thefirst cycle, and carbon dioxide is used as the second refrigerant sealedin the hot-water-supply refrigerant circuit 625, which is the secondcycle. It is preferred that a refrigerant whose saturation pressure at apredetermined temperature is lower than the saturation pressure of thefirst refrigerant at the predetermined temperature be used as the secondrefrigerant sealed in the hot-water-supply refrigerant 625. For example,it is preferred that R134a be sealed in the hot-water-supply refrigerantcircuit 625.

While the embodiments of the present disclosure have been describedherein above, it is to be appreciated that various changes in form anddetail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure presently or hereafter claimed.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   -   11 compressor (first compressor)    -   14 heat-source-side heat exchanger (first radiator)    -   31 expansion valve (first expansion mechanism)    -   33 heat exchanger    -   60 use-side unit (second heat absorber)    -   100 heat load treatment system (refrigeration apparatus)    -   500 two-stage refrigeration apparatus (refrigeration apparatus)    -   510 first cycle    -   511 first compressor    -   512 first condenser (first radiator)    -   513 first expansion valve (first expansion mechanism)    -   514 first evaporator (first heat absorber)    -   520 second cycle    -   521 second compressor    -   523 second downstream-side condenser (second radiator)    -   524 second upstream-side expansion valve (second expansion        mechanism)    -   526 second downstream-side expansion valve (second expansion        mechanism)    -   527 second evaporator (second heat absorber)    -   531 cascade condenser (heat exchanger)    -   HC heat medium circuit (second cycle)    -   HP heat medium path in heat exchanger (second radiator)    -   RC refrigerant circuit (first cycle)    -   RP refrigerant path in heat exchanger (first heat absorber)    -   600 air-conditioning hot water supply system (refrigeration        apparatus)    -   611 compressor (first compressor)    -   612 outdoor heat exchanger (first heat absorber)    -   613 expansion valve (first expansion mechanism)    -   615 air-conditioning refrigerant circuit (first cycle)    -   621 compressor (second compressor)    -   622 b heat radiating unit (second radiator)    -   623 expansion valve (second expansion mechanism)    -   624 second heat exchanger (heat exchanger)    -   624 a heat absorbing unit (second heat absorber)    -   624 b heat radiating unit (first radiator)    -   625 hot-water-supply refrigerant circuit (second cycle)

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

PTL 1: International Publication No. 2014/045400

1. A refrigeration apparatus comprising: a first cycle including a firstcompressor, a first radiator, a first expansion mechanism, and a firstheat absorber that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected tothe first cycle, a first refrigerant circulating through the firstcycle; and a second cycle including a second radiator and a second heatabsorber that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to thesecond cycle, a second refrigerant circulating through the second cycle,wherein the first heat absorber and the second radiator constitute aheat exchanger in which heat is exchanged between the first refrigerantflowing through the first heat absorber (RP, 514) and the secondrefrigerant flowing through the second, and at least one of the firstrefrigerant and the second refrigerant is a refrigerant mixturecontaining at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)).
 2. Arefrigeration apparatus comprising: a first cycle including a firstcompressor, a first radiator, a first expansion mechanism, and a firstheat absorber that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected tothe first cycle, a first refrigerant circulating through the firstcycle; and a second cycle including a second radiator and a second heatabsorber that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to thesecond cycle, a second refrigerant circulating through the second cycle,wherein the first radiator and the second heat absorber constitute aheat exchanger in which heat is exchanged between the first refrigerantflowing through the first radiator and the second refrigerant flowingthrough the second heat absorber, and at least one of the firstrefrigerant and the second refrigerant is a refrigerant mixturecontaining at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)).
 3. Therefrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second cyclefurther includes a second compressor and a second expansion mechanismthat are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the secondcycle, the first refrigerant flowing through the first radiator of thefirst cycle releases heat into outside air, the first refrigerant is therefrigerant mixture, and the second refrigerant is carbon dioxide. 4.The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the secondcycle further includes a second compressor and a second expansionmechanism that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to thesecond cycle, the first refrigerant flowing through the first radiatorof the first cycle releases heat into outside air, the first refrigerantis the refrigerant mixture, and the second refrigerant is therefrigerant mixture.
 5. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim1, wherein the second cycle further includes a second compressor and asecond expansion mechanism that are arranged in such a manner as to beconnected to the second cycle, the first refrigerant flowing through thefirst radiator of the first cycle releases heat into outside air, thefirst refrigerant is R32, and the second refrigerant is the refrigerantmixture.
 6. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, whereinthe first refrigerant flowing through the first radiator of the firstcycle (RC) releases heat into outside air, the first refrigerant is therefrigerant mixture, and the second refrigerant is a liquid medium. 7.The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the secondcycle further includes a second compressor and a second expansionmechanism that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to thesecond cycle, the first refrigerant flowing through the first heatabsorber of the first cycle takes away heat from outside air, the firstrefrigerant is the refrigerant mixture, and the second refrigerant is arefrigerant whose saturation pressure at a predetermined temperature islower than a saturation pressure of the refrigerant mixture at thepredetermined temperature.
 8. The refrigeration apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixture comprisestrans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123),and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
 9. The refrigerationapparatus according to claim 8, wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant mixture isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, CO, and OA that connect thefollowing 7 points: point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A′ (30.6, 30.0,39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0,0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the linesegments BD, CO, and OA); the line segment AA′ is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503), theline segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x,0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3), the line segment DC′ isrepresented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4,−0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6), the line segment C′C is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), andthe line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines.
 10. Therefrigeration apparatus according to claim 8, wherein when the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerantmixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z)in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figuresurrounded by line segments GI, IA, AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CG thatconnect the following 8 points: point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point I(72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A′ (30.6, 30.0,39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above linesegments (excluding the points on the line segments IA, BD, and CG); theline segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503), the line segment A′Bis represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7,−0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3), the line segment DC′ is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6), the linesegment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729,−0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), and the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG arestraight lines.
 11. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 8,wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based ontheir sum in the refrigerant mixture is respectively represented by x,y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in whichthe sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are withinthe range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA′, A′B,BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points: point J (47.1,52.9, 0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1), pointK (61.3, 5.4, 33.3), point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7,41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and pointC (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding the pointson the line segments BD and CJ); the line segment PN is represented bycoordinates (x, −0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43), theline segment NK is represented by coordinates (x,0.2421x²−29.955x+931.91, −0.2421x²+28.955x−831.91), the line segment KA′is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497,−0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503), the line segment A′B is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3), the linesegment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4,−0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6), the line segment C′C is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), andthe line segments JP, BD, and CG are straight lines.
 12. Therefrigeration apparatus according to claim 8, wherein when the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerantmixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z)in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figuresurrounded by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJthat connect the following 9 points: point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P(55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0,80.4, 19.6), point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segmentsBD and CJ); the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,−0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43) the line segment MA′is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497,−0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503), the line segment A′B is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3), the linesegment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x²−0.6671x+80.4,−0.0082x²−0.3329x+19.6), the line segment C′C is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0067x²−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x²−0.3966x+20.271), andthe line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.
 13. Therefrigeration apparatus according to claim 8, wherein when the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerantmixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z)in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figuresurrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TP thatconnect the following 7 points: point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L(63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A′ (30.6, 30.0,39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and point T(35.8, 44.9, 19.3), or on the above line segments (excluding the pointson the line segment BF); the line segment PL is represented bycoordinates (x, −0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43), theline segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503), the line segment A′Bis represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7,−0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3), the line segment FT is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0078x²−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x²−0.2499x+38.2), the linesegment TP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x²−0.7607x+63.525,−0.00672x²−0.2393x+36.475), and the line segments LM and BF are straightlines.
 14. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 8, whereinwhen the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sumin the refrigerant mixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z,coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range ofa figure surrounded by line segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that connect thefollowing 4 points: point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9,5.0), point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6), and point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9), or onthe above line segments; the line segment PL is represented bycoordinates (x, −0.1135x²+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x²−13.112x+380.43), theline segment RP is represented by coordinates (x,0.00672x²−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x²−0.2393x+36.475), and the linesegments LQ and QR are straight lines.
 15. The refrigeration apparatusaccording to claim 8, wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant mixture isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments SM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TS that connect the following 6points: point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A′(30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8,38.2), and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3), or on the above line segments,the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x,0.0016x²−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x²−0.0527x+42.503), the line segment A′Bis represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x²−1.0268x+58.7,−0.0029x²+0.0268x+41.3), the line segment FT is represented bycoordinates (x, 0.0078x²−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x²−0.2499x+38.2), the linesegment TS is represented by coordinates (x, −0.0017x²−0.7869x+70.888,−0.0017x²−0.2131x+29.112), and the line segments SM and BF are straightlines.
 16. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein therefrigerant mixture comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E))and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass % ormore based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerant mixturecomprises 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entirerefrigerant mixture.
 17. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim1, wherein the refrigerant mixture comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene(HFO-1132(E)) and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant mixture, and therefrigerant mixture comprises 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E)based on the entire refrigerant mixture.
 18. The refrigeration apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixture comprisestrans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123),2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32),wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 basedon their sum in the refrigerant mixture is respectively represented byx, y, z, and a, if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is (100-a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded bystraight lines GI, IA, AB, BD′, D′C, and CG that connect the following 6points: point G (0.026a²−1.7478a+72.0, −0.026a²+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0),point I (0.026a²−1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, −0.026a²+0.7478a+28.0), point A(0.0134a²−1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, −0.0134a²+0.9681a+31.4), point B (0.0,0.0144a²−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a²+0.6377a+41.3), point D′ (0.0,0.0224a²+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a²−1.968a+24.6), and point C(−0.2304a²−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a²−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0), or on the straightlines GI, AB, and D′C (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B,point D′, and point C); if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in theternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surroundedby straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5points: point G (0.02a²−1.6013a+71.105, −0.02a²+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0),point I (0.02a²−1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, −0.02a²+0.6013a+28.895), point A(0.0112a²−1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, −0.0112a²+0.9337a+31.516), point B (0.0,0.0075a²−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a²+0.5156a+41.801), and point W (0.0,100.0−a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G,point I, point A, point B, and point W); if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates(x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of afigure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connectthe following 5 points: point G (0.0135a²−1.4068a+69.727,−0.0135a²+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0), point I (0.0135a²−1.4068a+69.727, 0.0,−0.0135a²+0.4068a+30.273), point A (0.0107a²−1.9142a+68.305, 0.0,−0.0107a²+0.9142a+31.695), point B (0.0, 0.009a²−1.6045a+59.318,−0.009a²+0.6045a+40.682), and point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0), or on thestraight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B,and point W); if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternarycomposition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded bystraight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5points: point G (0.0111a²−1.3152a+68.986, −0.0111a²+0.3152a+31.014,0.0), point I (0.0111a²−1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, −0.0111a²+0.3152a+31.014),point A (0.0103a²−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a²+0.9225a+31.207), pointB (0.0, 0.0046a²−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a²+0.41a+42.714), and point W(0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding pointG, point I, point A, point B, and point W); and if 36.7<a≤46.7,coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within therange of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WGthat connect the following 5 points: point G (0.0061a²−0.9918a+63.902,−0.0061a²−0.0082a+36.098, 0.0), point I (0.0061a²−0.9918a+63.902, 0.0,−0.0061a²−0.0082a+36.098), point A (0.0085a²−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0,−0.0085a²+0.8102a+32.9), point B (0.0, 0.0012a²−1.1659a+52.95,−0.0012a²+0.1659a+47.05), and point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0), or on thestraight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B,and point W).
 19. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the refrigerant mixture comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene(HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123),2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32),wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 basedon their sum in the refrigerant mixture is respectively represented byx, y, z, and a, if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternarycomposition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, andR1234yf is (100-a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded bystraight lines JK′, K′B, BD′, D′C, and CJ that connect the following 5points: point J (0.0049a²−0.9645a+47.1, −0.0049a²−0.0355a+52.9, 0.0),point K′ (0.0514a²−2.4353a+61.7, −0.0323a²+0.4122a+5.9,−0.0191a²+1.0231a+32.4), point B (0.0, 0.0144a²−1.6377a+58.7,−0.0144a²+0.6377a+41.3), point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a²+0.968a+75.4,−0.0224a²−1.968a+24.6), and point C (−0.2304a²−0.4062a+32.9,0.2304a²−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK′, K′B, and D′C(excluding point J, point B, point D′, and point C); if 11.1<a≤18.2,coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within therange of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ thatconnect the following 4 points: point J (0.0243a²−1.4161a+49.725,−0.0243a²+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0), point K′ (0.0341a²−2.1977a+61.187,−0.0236a²+0.34a+5.636, −0.0105a²+0.8577a+33.177), point B (0.0,0.0075a²−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a²+0.5156a+41.801), and point W (0.0,100.0−a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J,point B, and point W); if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in theternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surroundedby straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4points: point J (0.0246a²−1.4476a+50.184, −0.0246a²+0.4476a+49.816,0.0), point K′ (0.0196a²−1.7863a+58.515, −0.0079a²−0.1136a+8.702,−0.0117a²+0.8999a+32.783), point B (0.0, 0.009a²−1.6045a+59.318,−0.009a²+0.6045a+40.682), and point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0), or on thestraight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W); if26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram arewithin the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB,BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points: point J(0.0183a²−1.1399a+46.493, −0.0183a²+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0), point K′(−0.0051a²+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a²−1.0929a+74.05), point A(0.0103a²−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a²+0.9225a+31.207), point B (0.0,0.0046a²−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a²+0.41a+42.714), and point W (0.0,100.0−a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excludingpoint J, point B, and point W); and if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z)in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figuresurrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect thefollowing 5 points: point J (−0.0134a²+1.0956a+7.13,0.0134a²−2.0956a+92.87, 0.0), point K′(−1.892a+29.443, 0.0,0.892a+70.557), point A (0.0085a²−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0,−0.0085a²+0.8102a+32.9), point B (0.0, 0.0012a²−1.1659a+52.95,−0.0012a²+0.1659a+47.05), and point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0), or on thestraight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and pointW).
 20. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein therefrigerant mixture comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on theirsum in the refrigerant mixture is respectively represented by x, y, andz, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sumof HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments J, JN, NE, and EI that connect thefollowing 4 points: point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point J (48.5, 18.3,33.2), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7), or onthese line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI; theline segment IJ is represented by coordinates (0.0236y²−1.7616y+72.0, y,−0.0236y²+0.7616y+28.0); the line segment NE is represented bycoordinates (0.012y²−1.9003y+58.3, y, −0.012y²+0.9003y+41.7); and theline segments JN and EI are straight lines.
 21. The refrigerationapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixturecomprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane(R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), wherein when themass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in therefrigerant mixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z,coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments MM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that connectthe following 5 points: point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4), point M′ (39.2, 5.0,55.8), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and pointG (39.6, 0.0, 60.4), or on these line segments (excluding the points onthe line segment GM); the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates(0.132y²−3.34y+52.6, y, −0.132y²+2.34y+47.4); the line segment M′N isrepresented by coordinates (0.0596y²−2.2541y+48.98, y,−0.0596y²+1.2541y+51.02); the line segment VG is represented bycoordinates (0.0123y²−1.8033y+39.6, y, −0.0123y²+0.8033y+60.4); and theline segments NV and GM are straight lines.
 22. The refrigerationapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixturecomprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane(R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), wherein when themass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in therefrigerant mixture is respectively represented by x, y and z,coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments ON, NU, and UO that connect thefollowing 3 points: point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6), point N (27.7, 18.2,54.1), and point U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4), or on these line segments; theline segment ON is represented by coordinates (0.0072y²−0.6701y+37.512,y, −0.0072y²−0.3299y+62.488); the line segment NU is represented bycoordinates (0.0083y²−1.7403y+56.635, y, −0.0083y²+0.7403y+43.365); andthe line segment UO is a straight line.
 23. The refrigeration apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixture comprisestrans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), wherein when the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerantmixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z)in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32,and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5points: point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4), point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7), point T(8.6, 51.6, 39.8), point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and point K (35.6, 36.8,27.6), or on these line segments; the line segment QR is represented bycoordinates (0.0099y²−1.975y+84.765, y, −0.0099y²+0.975y+15.235); theline segment RT is represented by coordinates (0.0082y²−1.8683y+83.126,y, −0.0082y²+0.8683y+16.874); the line segment LK is represented bycoordinates (0.0049y²−0.8842y+61.488, y, −0.0049y²−0.1158y+38.512); theline segment KQ is represented by coordinates (0.0095y²−1.2222y+67.676,y, −0.0095y²+0.2222y+32.324); and the line segment TL is a straightline.
 24. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein therefrigerant mixture comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on theirsum in the refrigerant mixture is respectively represented by x, y, andz, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sumof HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect thefollowing 3 points: point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8), point S (21.9, 39.7,38.4), and point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8), or on these line segments; theline segment PS is represented by coordinates (0.0064y²−0.7103y+40.1, y,−0.0064y²−0.2897y+59.9); the line segment ST is represented bycoordinates (0.0082y²−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y²+0.8683y+16.874); andthe line segment TP is a straight line.
 25. The refrigeration apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixture comprisestrans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123),and difluoromethane (R32), wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant mixture isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments IK, KB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GI that connect the following 6points: point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4), point B′(0.0, 81.6, 18.4), point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8), point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5),and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments (excluding thepoints on the line segments B′H and GI); the line segment IK isrepresented by coordinates (0.025z²−1.7429z+72.00,−0.025z²+0.7429z+28.0, z), the line segment HR is represented bycoordinates (−0.3123z²+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z²−5.234z+88.94, z), the linesegment RG is represented by coordinates (−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5,0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and the line segments KB′ and GI are straightlines.
 26. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein therefrigerant mixture comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein whenthe mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in therefrigerant mixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z,coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments J, JR, RG, and GI that connect thefollowing 4 points: point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point J (57.7, 32.8,9.5), point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or onthese line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GI); theline segment IJ is represented by coordinates (0.025z²−1.7429z+72.0,−0.025z²+0.7429z+28.0, z), the line segment RG is represented bycoordinates (−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and theline segments JR and GI are straight lines.
 27. The refrigerationapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixturecomprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene(HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein when the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerantmixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z)in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figuresurrounded by line segments MP, PB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GM that connectthe following 6 points: point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (31.8, 49.8,18.4), point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4), point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8), point R(23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these linesegments (excluding the points on the line segments B′H and GM); theline segment MP is represented by coordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1,−0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z), the line segment HR is represented bycoordinates (−0.3123z²+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z²−5.234z+88.94, z), the linesegment RG is represented by coordinates (−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5,0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and the line segments PB′ and GM are straightlines.
 28. The refrigeration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein therefrigerant mixture comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein whenthe mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in therefrigerant mixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z,coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of afigure surrounded by line segments MN, NR, RG, and GM that connect thefollowing 4 points: point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point N (38.5, 52.1,9.5), point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or onthese line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM); theline segment MN is represented by coordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1,−0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z), the line segment RG is represented bycoordinates (−0.0491z²−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z²+0.1544z+61.5, z), and theline segments JR and GI are straight lines.
 29. The refrigerationapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixturecomprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene(HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein when the mass % ofHFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerantmixture is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z)in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figuresurrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3points: point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4), point S (25.4, 56.2, 18.4), andpoint T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2), or on these line segments; the line segmentST is represented by coordinates (−0.0982z²+0.9622z+40.931,0.0982z²−1.9622z+59.069, z), the line segment TP is represented bycoordinates (0.0083z²−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z²−0.016z+52.9, z), and theline segment PS is a straight line.
 30. The refrigeration apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the refrigerant mixture comprisestrans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123),and difluoromethane (R32), wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E),HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant mixture isrespectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in aternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123,and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded byline segments QB″, B″D, DU, and UQ that connect the following 4 points:point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0), point B″ (0.0, 63.0, 37.0), point D (0.0,67.0, 33.0), and point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1), or on these line segments(excluding the points on the line segment B″D); the line segment DU isrepresented by coordinates (−3.4962z²+210.71z−3146.1,3.4962z²−211.71z+3246.1, z), the line segment UQ is represented bycoordinates (0.0135z²−0.9181z+44.133, −0.0135z²−0.0819z+55.867, z), andthe line segments QB″ and B″D are straight lines.